Trichinella spp. in Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa), Brown Bears ( Ursus arctos), Eurasian Lynxes ( Lynx lynx) and Badgers ( Meles meles) in Estonia, 2007–2014

Abstract

Simple Summary

Trichinellosis is an important foodborne zoonosis. In Estonia, Trichinella infections are endemic in wild animals. This paper summarizes findings of Trichinella-parasites during an 8-year period in Estonia in selected host species: wild boars, brown bears, Eurasian lynxes, and badgers. The results highlight that testing wildlife hunted for human consumption for Trichinella is important, and that there is room for improvement in the proportion of hunted animals tested.

Abstract

In this study, we summarize Trichinella findings from four wild, free-ranging host species from Estonia during 2007–2014. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 281 (0.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–1.0) of 30,566 wild boars ( Sus scrofa), 63 (14.7%, 95% CI 11.6–18.3) of 429 brown bears ( Ursus arctos), 59 (65.56%, 95% CI 55.3–74.8) of 90 Eurasian lynxes ( Lynx lynx), and three (60.0%, 95% CI 18.2–92.7) of five badgers ( Meles meles). All four European Trichinella species were detected: T. britovi in 0.7% of the wild boars, 7.2% of the brown bears, 45.6% of the lynxes, and 40.0% of the badgers; T. nativa in 0.1% of the wild boars, 5.8% of the brown bears, and 20.0% of the lynxes; T. pseudospiralis in 0.02% the wild boars; and T. spiralis in 0.03% of the wild boars and 4.4% of the lynxes. The results include the first description from Estonia of T. britovi in brown bear and badgers, T. pseudospiralis in wild boars, and T. spiralis in wild boars and lynxes. The results indicate high infection pressure in the sylvatic cycles across the years—illustrating continuous risk of spillover to domestic cycles and of transmission to humans.