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      Can Social Norms Promote Recycled Water Use on Campus? The Evidence From Event-Related Potentials

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          Abstract

          The unwillingness of college students to use recycled water has become a key barrier to sewage recycling on campus, and it is critical to strengthen their inclination to do so. This paper used college students in Xi’an as a case study and adopted event-related potential technology to explore the effect of social norms on the willingness to use recycled water and the neural mechanism of cognitive processing. The results suggested the following: (1) The existence of social norms might influence college students’ willingness to use recycled water. (2) When individuals’ willingness to use recycled water is lower than the social norm, there is a bigger feedback-related negative amplitude. (3) College students pay more attention to social norms in groups with closer social distance. These findings can be used to provide a scientific basis for persuading the public to use recycled water from the perspective of the social norm to drive public acceptability.

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          Most cited references41

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          The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.

          The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a "generic" error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error-processing system has been inferred from the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential elicited when human participants commit errors in reaction-time tasks. The authors propose that the ERN is generated when a negative reinforcement learning signal is conveyed to the anterior cingulate cortex via the mesencephalic dopamine system and that this signal is used by the anterior cingulate cortex to modify performance on the task at hand. They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation.
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            World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

            (2014)
            Published research in English-language journals are increasingly required to carry a statement that the study has been approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board in conformance with 45 CFR 46 standards if the study was conducted in the United States. Alternative language attesting conformity with the Helsinki Declaration is often included when the research was conducted in Europe or elsewhere. The Helsinki Declaration was created by the World Medical Association in 1964 (ten years before the Belmont Report) and has been amended several times. The Helsinki Declaration differs from its American version in several respects, the most significant of which is that it was developed by and for physicians. The term "patient" appears in many places where we would expect to see "subject." It is stated in several places that physicians must either conduct or have supervisory control of the research. The dual role of the physician-researcher is acknowledged, but it is made clear that the role of healer takes precedence over that of scientist. In the United States, the federal government developed and enforces regulations on researcher; in the rest of the world, the profession, or a significant part of it, took the initiative in defining and promoting good research practice, and governments in many countries have worked to harmonize their standards along these lines. The Helsinki Declaration is based less on key philosophical principles and more on prescriptive statements. Although there is significant overlap between the Belmont and the Helsinki guidelines, the latter extends much further into research design and publication. Elements in a research protocol, use of placebos, and obligation to enroll trials in public registries (to ensure that negative findings are not buried), and requirements to share findings with the research and professional communities are included in the Helsinki Declaration. As a practical matter, these are often part of the work of American IRBs, but not always as a formal requirement. Reflecting the socialist nature of many European counties, there is a requirement that provision be made for patients to be made whole regardless of the outcomes of the trial or if they happened to have been randomized to a control group that did not enjoy the benefits of a successful experimental intervention.
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              Social Norms and Economic Theory

              Jon Elster (1989)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                04 February 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 818292
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi’an, China
                [2] 2Key Research Bases for the Co-construction and Sharing for Human Settlement Environment and Good Life of the New Era in Shaanxi , Xi’an, China
                [3] 3Laboratory of Neuromanagement in Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi’an, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Wuke Zhang, Ningbo University, China

                Reviewed by: Fatima Lino, State University of Campinas, Brazil; Nathaniel James Siebert Ashby, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

                *Correspondence: Hanliang Fu, fuhanliang@ 123456xauat.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Decision Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818292
                8856723
                35185735
                a615dbe1-8742-4486-a065-abd513256be1
                Copyright © 2022 Liu, Chen, Guo and Fu.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 19 November 2021
                : 05 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 15, Words: 8856
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 71874135
                Award ID: 72001167
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                social norms,recycled water,public willingness,feedback-related negativity,social distance

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