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      Tratamiento hormonal y sus complicaciones en el paciente con disforia de género Translated title: Hormonal treatment and complications in patients with gender dysphoria

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Las personas con disforia de género sienten incongruencia entre el sexo con el que nacen y aquel al que sienten pertenecer, por lo que necesitan adaptar su cuerpo a este último, y uno de los pilares en el logro de ese propósito es el empleo del tratamiento hormonal cruzado. Objetivo: Identificar los esquemas terapéuticos más empleados en la automedicación y en el manejo especializado, y sus complicaciones en pacientes con disforia de género. Métodos: Se revisaron 78 historias, de las cuales 76 correspondían a transexuales hombre-mujer, atendidos en el periodo 2012-2017 en la Consulta Nacional de Atención Integral a Personas Transgénero. Se recuperó información relacionada con los esquemas terapéuticos utilizados, tanto durante la automedicación como durante el manejo por el endocrinólogo, y las complicaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se obtuvieron distribuciones de frecuencia de las variables cualitativas, media y desviación estándar de las cuantitativas. Resultados: La frecuencia de pacientes que se autoadministraron hormonas antes de comenzar la atención especializada fue de 82,9 %. El medicamento más utilizado en la automedicación fue la cipresta (acetato de ciproterona 2 mg/etinilestradiol 50 µg) en el 90,5 % de los casos. De los tratamientos indicados por el endocrinólogo al inicio de la atención; al 50,0 % se les administró cipresta más androcur (acetato de ciproterona 50 mg) de 1 a 2 tabletas de cada uno, mientras que al 39,5 % estrógenos conjugados asociado a androcur, igualmente de 1 a 2 tabletas de cada uno de estos medicamentos. En cuanto a la frecuencia de complicaciones como consecuencia del tratamiento hormonal, el 40,7 % de los casos tuvo en algún momento niveles elevados de prolactina, al 26,3 % los niveles de triglicéridos se le elevaron luego de iniciada la terapia. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes acuden por primera vez automedicados. Los medicamentos más utilizados son la cipresta y el androcur. La complicación más frecuente como consecuencia del tratamiento es la hiperprolactinemia.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Persons with gender dysphoria feel incongruity between the sex they are born with and the one they feel they belong to, therefore they need to adapt their body to the latter, and one of the pillars in achieving that purpose is the use of cross hormonal treatment. Objective: To identify the therapeutic schemes most used in self-medication and specialized management, and their complications in patients with gender dysphoria. Methods: Seventy eight medical records were reviewed. Seventy six of them corresponded to male-female transsexuals, assisted in the 2012-2017 period at the National Consultation of Comprehensive Care to Transgender Persons. The study team recovered information related to the therapeutic schemes used, both during self-medication and during the endocrinological management, as well as complications. Frequency distributions of the qualitative variables, mean and standard deviation of the quantitative variables were obtained for data analysis. Results: The frequency of patients who self-administered hormones before beginning specialized care was 82.9%. The most commonly medication used in self-medication was cypress (cyproterone acetate 2 mg / ethinylestradiol 50 µg) in 90.5% of cases. Out of the treatments indicated by the endocrinologist at the beginning of the care; 50.0% were given cypress plus androcur (50 mg cyproterone acetate) of 1 to 2 tablets each, while 39.5% conjugated estrogens associated with androcur, also 1 to 2 tablets of each of these medications. Regarding the frequency of complications as a result of hormonal treatment, 40.7% of the cases had elevated prolactin levels at some time, and triglyceride levels increased to 26.3% after the start of therapy. Conclusions: Most patients who come for the first time, are self-medicated. The most used medications are cipresta and androcur. The most frequent complication is hyperprolactinemia as a consequence of treatment.

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          Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

          The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for endocrine treatment of transsexual persons. This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence, which was low or very low. Committees and members of The Endocrine Society, European Society of Endocrinology, European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and World Professional Association for Transgender Health commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines. Transsexual persons seeking to develop the physical characteristics of the desired gender require a safe, effective hormone regimen that will 1) suppress endogenous hormone secretion determined by the person's genetic/biologic sex and 2) maintain sex hormone levels within the normal range for the person's desired gender. A mental health professional (MHP) must recommend endocrine treatment and participate in ongoing care throughout the endocrine transition and decision for surgical sex reassignment. The endocrinologist must confirm the diagnostic criteria the MHP used to make these recommendations. Because a diagnosis of transsexualism in a prepubertal child cannot be made with certainty, we do not recommend endocrine treatment of prepubertal children. We recommend treating transsexual adolescents (Tanner stage 2) by suppressing puberty with GnRH analogues until age 16 years old, after which cross-sex hormones may be given. We suggest suppressing endogenous sex hormones, maintaining physiologic levels of gender-appropriate sex hormones and monitoring for known risks in adult transsexual persons.
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            Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects.

            Sex differences are found in most components of the insulin resistance syndrome and the associated cardiovascular risk profile. These differences are attributed to sex-specific sex steroid profiles, but the effects of sex steroids on the individual components of the insulin resistance syndrome remain incompletely understood. Prospective, intervention study. In 37 young (age range 16-36 years), nonobese [body mass index (BMI) < 29], transsexual subjects, effects of ethinyl oestradiol (100 micro g/day) + cyproterone acetate (100 mg/day) administration were evaluated in 20 male-to-female transsexuals and of testosterone-ester administration [250 mg intramuscularly (i.m.)/2 weeks] in 17 female-to-male transsexuals. We studied lipid spectrum, postheparin hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, blood pressure, glucose utilization (by euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp), and fat areas (by magnetic resonance imaging) at baseline and during 1-year cross-sex hormone administration. Oestrogens + antiandrogens increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol, and HL activity, which are considered beneficial. But this combination also increased triglycerides, blood pressure, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat, and decreased the LDL-particle size, LPL activity and insulin sensitivity, which are all considered detrimental. Testosterone reduced HDL-cholesterol and the LDL-particle size, and increased triglycerides and HL activity. An android fat distribution was induced (i.e. decreased subcutaneous and increased visceral fat). Blood pressure, total and LDL-cholesterol, LPL activity and insulin sensitivity were mainly unaffected. The effects of cross-sex hormone treatment - in the dosages used in this study - in healthy, nonobese, young transsexual subjects do not show unequivocally that female sex steroids, given in large amounts to male subjects, have beneficial effects on cardiovascular profile and that high dose testosterone administration to female subjects is detrimental with respect to cardiovascular risk.
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              Endocrine intervention for transsexuals.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                end
                Revista Cubana de Endocrinología
                Rev Cubana Endocrinol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                1561-2953
                August 2019
                : 30
                : 2
                : e182
                Affiliations
                [1] La Habana La Habana orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana orgdiv1Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología Cuba
                Article
                S1561-29532019000200002 S1561-2953(19)03000200002
                a6d8c755-0932-4fb8-991e-6c8f84d4e47f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 April 2019
                : 09 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Cuba


                complications,therapeutic scheme,complicaciones,hormonal treatment,gender dysphoria,disforia de género,tratamiento hormonal,esquema terapéutico

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