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      Immunomodulating Activity of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 in Mice and in Human Volunteers

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          Abstract

          We performed studies on murine models and human volunteers to examine the immunoenhancing effects of the naturally outdoor-cultivated fruit body of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 (i.e. Agaricus blazei). Antitumor, leukocyte-enhancing, hepatopathy-alleviating and endotoxin shock-alleviating effects were found in mice. In the human study, percentage body fat, percentage visceral fat, blood cholesterol level and blood glucose level were decreased, and natural killer cell activity was increased. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that the A. brasiliensis fruit body is useful as a health-promoting food.

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          Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor.

          Gordon Brown (2006)
          Dectin-1 is a natural killer (NK)-cell-receptor-like C-type lectin that is thought to be involved in innate immune responses to fungal pathogens. This transmembrane signalling receptor mediates various cellular functions, from fungal binding, uptake and killing, to inducing the production of cytokines and chemokines. These activities could influence the resultant immune response and can, in certain circumstances, lead to autoimmunity and disease. As I discuss here, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these functions has revealed new concepts, including collaborative signalling with the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the use of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), that have implications for the role of other non-TLR pattern-recognition receptors in immunity.
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            Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors.

            Mihai Netea, Neil Gow, Carol A. Munro … (2006)
            The fungal pathogen Candida albicans has a multilayered cell wall composed of an outer layer of proteins glycosylated with N- or O-linked mannosyl residues and an inner skeletal layer of beta-glucans and chitin. We demonstrate that cytokine production by human mononuclear cells or murine macrophages was markedly reduced when stimulated by C. albicans mutants defective in mannosylation. Recognition of mannosyl residues was mediated by mannose receptor binding to N-linked mannosyl residues and by TLR4 binding to O-linked mannosyl residues. Residual cytokine production was mediated by recognition of beta-glucan by the dectin-1/TLR2 receptor complex. C. albicans mutants with a cell wall defective in mannosyl residues were less virulent in experimental disseminated candidiasis and elicited reduced cytokine production in vivo. We concluded that recognition of C. albicans by monocytes/macrophages is mediated by 3 recognition systems of differing importance, each of which senses specific layers of the C. albicans cell wall.
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              Dectin-1 is required for host defense against Pneumocystis carinii but not against Candida albicans.

              Noriyuki Fujikado, Takahisa Furuta, Katsuko Sudo … (2006)
              Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin involved in the recognition of beta-glucans found in the cell walls of fungi. We generated dectin-1-deficient mice to determine the importance of dectin-1 in the defense against pathogenic fungi. In vitro, beta-glucan-induced cytokine production from wild-type dendritic cells and macrophages was abolished in cells homozygous for dectin-1 deficiency ('dectin-1-knockout' cells). In vivo, dectin-1-knockout mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to pneumocystis infection, even though their cytokine production was normal. However, pneumocystis-infected dectin-1-knockout macrophages did show defective production of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to those results, wild-type and dectin-1-knockout mice were equally susceptible to candida infection. Thus, dectin-1 is required for immune responses to some fungal infections, as protective immunity to pneumocystis, but not to candida, required dectin-1 for the production of antifungal reactive oxygen species.
              Article 0 comments Cited 150 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): eCAM
                Journal ID (hwp): ecam
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): June 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 April 2007
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 205-219
                Affiliations
                1Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 2Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 3Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan 4Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and 5Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes
                For reprints and all correspondence: Naohito Ohno, Professor, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, School of Pharmacy, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. Tel: +81-426-76-5570; Fax: +81-426-76-5570; E-mail: ohnonao@ 123456ps.toyaku.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: nem016
                DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem016
                PMC ID: 2396466
                PubMed ID: 18604247
                SO-VID: a6f0c18b-d8ff-4efb-a2e2-46ad683958ae
                Copyright © © 2007 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 July 2006
                Date accepted : 16 January 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article – Clinical Analyses

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: clinical research,safety,nk activity,a. brasiliensis, outdoor-cultivated,cold water extract
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: clinical research, safety, nk activity, a. brasiliensis, outdoor-cultivated, cold water extract

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