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      Optical Hall conductivity of systems with gapped spectral nodes

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          Abstract

          We calculate the optical Hall conductivity within the Kubo formalism for systems with gapped spectral nodes, where the latter have a power-law dispersion with exponent n. The optical conductivity is proportional to n and there is a characteristic logarithmic singularity as the frequency approaches the gap energy. The optical Hall conductivity is almost unaffected by thermal fluctuations and disorder for n=1, whereas disorder has a stronger effect on transport properties if n=2.

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          Experimental Observation of Quantum Hall Effect and Berry's Phase in Graphene

          Horst L. Stormer, Yan-Wen Tan, Yuanbo Zhang … (2005)
          When electrons are confined in two-dimensional (2D) materials, quantum mechanically enhanced transport phenomena, as exemplified by the quantum Hall effects (QHE), can be observed. Graphene, an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal realization of such a 2D system. Here, we report an experimental investigation of magneto transport in a high mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the chemical potential using the electric field effect, we observe an unusual half integer QHE for both electron and hole carriers in graphene. Vanishing effective carrier masses is observed at Dirac point in the temperature dependent Shubnikov de Haas oscillations, which probe the 'relativistic' Dirac particle-like dispersion. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is confirmed by the phase shift of magneto-oscillations, related to the exceptional topology of the graphene band structure.
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            Universal Dynamic Conductivity and Quantized Visible Opacity of Suspended Graphene

            T. J. Booth, K. S. Novoselov, A N Grigorenko … (2008)
            We show that the optical transparency of suspended graphene is defined by the fine structure constant, alpha, the parameter that describes coupling between light and relativistic electrons and is traditionally associated with quantum electrodynamics rather than condensed matter physics. Despite being only one atom thick, graphene is found to absorb a significant (pi times alpha=2.3%) fraction of incident white light, which is a consequence of graphene's unique electronic structure. This value translates into universal dynamic conductivity G =e^2/4h_bar within a few percent accuracy.
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              Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation

              R. Nair, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim … (2008)
              Graphene - a monolayer of carbon atoms densely packed into a hexagonal lattice - has one of the strongest possible atomic bonds and can be viewed as a robust atomic-scale scaffold, to which other chemical species can be attached without destroying it. This notion of graphene as a giant flat molecule that can be altered chemically is supported by the observation of so-called graphene oxide, that is graphene densely covered with hydroxyl and other groups. Unfortunately, graphene oxide is strongly disordered, poorly conductive and difficult to reduce to the original state. Nevertheless, one can imagine atoms or molecules being attached to the atomic scaffold in a strictly periodic manner, which should result in a different electronic structure and, essentially, a different crystalline material. A hypothetical example for this is graphane, a wide-gap semiconductor, in which hydrogen is bonded to each carbon site of graphene. Here we show that by exposing graphene to atomic hydrogen, it is possible to transform this highly-conductive semimetal into an insulator. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the material retains the hexagonal lattice but its period becomes markedly shorter than that of graphene, providing direct evidence for a new graphene-based derivative. The reaction with hydrogen is found to be reversible so that the original metallic state and lattice spacing are restored by annealing and even the quantum Hall effect recovers. Our work proves the concept of chemical modification of graphene, which promises a whole range of new two-dimensional crystals with designed electronic and other properties.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Publication date Created: 2010-05-18
                Publication date Updated: 2012-12-19
                Article
                DOI: 10.1140/epjb/e2012-30887-1
                ArXiV ID: 1005.3211
                SO-VID: a706edc8-c066-4aad-86ac-63ed79c28046
                License:

                http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

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                Custom metadata
                Journal reference Eur. Phys. J. B 86, 53 (2013)
                Categories cond-mat.mtrl-sci

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Condensed matter
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Condensed matter

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