For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
31
views
34
references
 Top references
cited by
34
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      138
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Re-experiencing traumatic events in PTSD: new avenues in research on intrusive memories and flashbacks

      research-article
      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Publisher: Co-Action Publishing
      Keywords: Posttraumatic stress disorder, memory, flashbacks

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Posttraumatic flashbacks, consisting of the intrusive re-experiencing of traumatic experiences in the present, have been more clearly defined for the first time in DSM-5 and have been identified as a unique symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder in the proposed ICD-11 diagnostic criteria. Relatively little research into flashbacks has been conducted, however, and new research efforts are required to understand the cognitive and biological basis of this important symptom. In addition, there is considerable scope for research into how flashbacks should be assessed and into flashbacks occurring in different contexts, such as psychosis or intensive care.

          Related collections

          Most cited references34

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

          Chris Brewin, Tim Dalgleish, Stephen Joseph (1996)
          A cognitive theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed that assumes traumas experienced after early childhood give rise to 2 sorts of memory, 1 verbally accessible and 1 automatically accessible through appropriate situational cues. These different types of memory are used to explain the complex phenomenology of PTSD, including the experiences of reliving the traumatic event and of emotionally processing the trauma. The theory considers 3 possible outcomes of the emotional processing of trauma, successful completion, chronic processing, and premature inhibition of processing We discuss the implications of the theory for research design, clinical practice, and resolving contradictions in the empirical data.
          Article 0 comments Cited 279 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: phenomenology, theory, and therapy.

            Anke Ehlers, Tanja Michael, Ann Hackmann (2004)
            The article describes features of trauma memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including characteristics of unintentional re-experiencing symptoms and intentional recall of trauma narratives. Reexperiencing symptoms are usually sensory impressions and emotional responses from the trauma that appear to lack a time perspective and a context. The vast majority of intrusive memories can be interpreted as re-experiencing of warning signals, i.e., stimuli that signalled the onset of the trauma or of moments when the meaning of the event changed for the worse. Triggers of re-experiencing symptoms include stimuli that have perceptual similarity to cues accompanying the traumatic event. Intentional recall of the trauma in PTSD may be characterised by confusion about temporal order, and difficulty in accessing important details, both of which contribute to problematic appraisals. Recall tends to be disjointed. When patients with PTSD deliberately recall the worst moments of the trauma, they often do not access other relevant (usually subsequent) information that would correct impressions/predictions made at the time. A theoretical analysis of re-experiencing symptoms and their triggers is offered, and implications for treatment are discussed. These include the need to actively incorporate updating information ("I know now ...") into the worst moments of the trauma memory, and to train patients to discriminate between the stimuli that were present during the trauma ("then") and the innocuous triggers of re-experiencing symptoms ("now").
            Article 0 comments Cited 141 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis.

              Malene Klindt Bohni, Dorthe Berntsen, Rachael D. Rubin (2008)
              In the mnemonic model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the current memory of a negative event, not the event itself, determines symptoms. The model is an alternative to the current event-based etiology of PTSD represented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The model accounts for important and reliable findings that are often inconsistent with the current diagnostic view and that have been neglected by theoretical accounts of the disorder, including the following observations. The diagnosis needs objective information about the trauma and peritraumatic emotions but uses retrospective memory reports that can have substantial biases. Negative events and emotions that do not satisfy the current diagnostic criteria for a trauma can be followed by symptoms that would otherwise qualify for PTSD. Predisposing factors that affect the current memory have large effects on symptoms. The inability-to-recall-an-important-aspect-of-the-trauma symptom does not correlate with other symptoms. Loss or enhancement of the trauma memory affects PTSD symptoms in predictable ways. Special mechanisms that apply only to traumatic memories are not needed, increasing parsimony and the knowledge that can be applied to understanding PTSD.
              Article 0 comments Cited 96 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EJPT
                Title: European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Publisher: Co-Action Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 2000-8198
                ISSN (Electronic): 2000-8066
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 May 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180
                Affiliations
                Clinical Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Chris R. Brewin, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Email: c.brewin@ 123456ucl.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 27180
                DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180
                PMC ID: 4439411
                PubMed ID: 25994019
                SO-VID: a77bd5d3-84ae-40f2-b57c-5e59449ecefc
                Copyright © © 2015 Chris R. Brewin
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, for any purpose, even commercially, under the condition that appropriate credit is given, that a link to the license is provided, and that you indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

                History
                Date received : 06 January 2015
                Date revision received : 22 February 2015
                Date accepted : 26 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Trauma and PTSD: Setting the Research Agenda

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder,memory,flashbacks
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder, memory, flashbacks

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content138

                See all similar

                Cited by50

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors290

                See all reference authors