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      Integrative review: evidences on the practice of intermittent/indwelling urinary catheterization Translated title: Revisão integrativa: evidências na prática do cateterismo urinário intermitente/demora Translated title: Revisión integrativa: evidencias en la práctica del cateterismo urinario intermitente/demora

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: to seek the best evidence available in the literature concerning the knowledge produced and related to the techniques of intermittent and indwelling urinary catheterization, so as to place the nursing care given to patients submitted to urinary catheterization on a scientific foundation and to prevent urinary tract infections. METHOD: the literature search was undertaken in the Pubmed and Cochrane databases for the development of the integrative review. The sample was of 34 articles. These were analyzed by two independent researchers using an instrument adapted for ascertaining the level of evidence and the grade of recommendation, in addition to the use of the Jadad scale. RESULTS: the evidence available related to the nursing care for patients submitted to urinary catheterization is: the infection rate in the urinary tract does not alter whether the perineum is cleaned with sterile water or not, or with the use of povidone-iodine solution or chlorhexidine; or using clean or sterile technique. The use of an intermittent catheter with clean technique results in low rates of complications or infections compared to the use of an indwelling catheter. The removal of the catheter in up to 24 hours after surgery and the use of an antimicrobial-impregnated or hydrophilic-coated catheter reduce urinary tract infection . CONCLUSIONS: there are controversies in relation to periurethral cleansing technique, the type of material the catheter is made of, and some procedures for the maintenance and removal of the catheter. This review's results represent an updating of the nurse's conducts and decision-making for the prevention of urinary tract infections in urinary catheterization.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: buscar as melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o conhecimento produzido e relacionado à técnica de cateterismo urinário intermitente e de demora, para embasar cientificamente o cuidado de enfermagem prestado ao paciente, submetido ao cateterismo urinário, e prevenir infecção do trato urinário. MÉTODO: a busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane para o desenvolvimento da revisão integrativa. A amostra foi composta por 34 artigos. Esses foram analisados por dois pesquisadores independentes, usando-se instrumento adaptado para verificar o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação, além da utilização da escala de Jadad. RESULTADOS: as evidências disponíveis, relacionadas aos cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes submetidos ao cateterismo urinário, são: a taxa de infecção no trato urinário não altera com a higienização do períneo com água estéril ou não, com o uso de solução de iodo-povidine ou clorexidine, ou aplicando técnica limpa ou estéril. O uso do cateter intermitente com técnica limpa implica em menores taxas de complicações e infecções em comparação com a de demora. A remoção do cateter em até 24 horas após cirurgia e o uso do cateter impregnado com antimicrobiano e de revestimento hidrofílico reduz a incidência de infecção do trato urinário. CONCLUSÕES: existem controvérsias em relação à técnica de higienização periuretral, tipo de material do cateter e alguns procedimentos para a manutenção e remoção do cateter. Os resultados desta revisão representam atualização das condutas e tomada de decisão do enfermeiro para a prevenção de infecção do trato urinário no cateterismo urinário.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: buscar las mejores evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre el conocimiento producido y relacionado a la técnica de cateterismo urinario intermitente y de demora para apoyar científicamente el cuidado de enfermería prestado al paciente sometido al cateterismo urinario y precaver infección del trato urinario. MÉTODO: La busca fue realizada en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane para el desarrollo de la revisión integrativa. La muestra fue de 34 artículos. Éstos fueron analizados por dos investigadores independientes usando instrumento adaptado para verificar el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación, además de la utilización de la escala de Jadad. RESULTADOS: las evidencias disponibles relacionadas a la atención de enfermería a los pacientes sometidos al cateterismo urinario son: la tasa de infección en el trato urinario no altera con la higienización del perineo con agua estéril o no, con el uso de solución de iodo-povidona o clorhexidina; o aplicando técnica aseada o estéril. El uso del catéter intermitente con técnica aseada implica en menores tasas de complicaciones e infecciones en comparación con la de demora. La remoción del catéter en hasta 24 horas pos cirugía y el uso del catéter impregnado con antimicrobiano y de revestimiento hidrofílico reduce incidencia de infección del trato urinario. CONCLUSIONES: existen controversias con relación a la técnica de higienización periuretral, tipo de material del catéter y algunos procedimientos para el mantenimiento y remoción del catéter. Los resultados de esta revisión representan actualización de las conductas y tomada de decisión del enfermero para la prevención de infección del trato urinario en el cateterismo urinario.

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          Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?

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            European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

            We surveyed the extensive literature regarding the development, therapy and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs). We systematically searched for meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials available in Medline giving preference to the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and also considered other relevant publications, rating them on the basis of their quality. The studies' recommendations, rated according to a modification of the US Department of Health and Human Services (1992), give a close-to-evidence-based guideline for all medical disciplines, with special emphasis on urology where catheter care is an important issue. The survey found that the urinary tract is the commonest source of nosocomial infection, particularly when the bladder is catheterised (IIa). Most catheter-associated UTIs are derived from the patient's own colonic flora (IIb) and the catheter predisposes to UTI in several ways. The most important risk factor for the development of catheter-associated bacteriuria is the duration of catheterisation (IIa). Most episodes of short-term catheter-associated bacteriuria are asymptomatic and are caused by a single organism (IIa). Further organisms tend to be acquired by patients catheterised for more than 30 days. The clinician should be aware of two priorities: the catheter system should remain closed and the duration of catheterisation should be minimal (A). While the catheter is in place, systemic antimicrobial treatment of asymptomatic catheter-associated bacteriuria is not recommended (A), except for some special cases. Routine urine culture in an asymptomatic catheterised patient is also not recommended (C) because treatment is in general not necessary. Antibiotic treatment is recommended only for symptomatic infection (B). Long-term antibiotic suppressive therapy is not effective (A). Antibiotic irrigation of the catheter and bladder is of no advantage (A). Routine urine cultures are not recommended if the catheter is draining properly (C). A minority of patients can be managed with the use of the non-return (flip) valve catheter, avoiding the closed drainage bag. Such patients may exchange the convenience of on-demand drainage with an increased risk of infection. Patients with urethral catheters in place for 10 years or more should be screened annually for bladder cancer (C). Clinicians should always consider alternatives to indwelling urethral catheters that are less prone to causing symptomatic infection. In appropriate patients, suprapubic catheters, condom drainage systems and intermittent catheterisation are each preferable to indwelling urethral catheterisation (B).
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              Less Urinary Tract Infection by Earlier Removal of Bladder Catheter in Surgical Patients Receiving Thoracic Epidural Analgesia

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo (, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                February 2013
                : 21
                : 1
                : 459-468
                Affiliations
                [01] Belo Horizonte MG orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Escola de Enfermagem Brazil
                Article
                S0104-11692013000100023 S0104-1169(13)02100123
                a7b972c4-a81f-4462-ae3f-31d7d1bacc0b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 November 2011
                : 23 October 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review Articles

                Enfermagem,Cateterismo Urinário,Infecções Urinárias,Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências,Urinary Catheterization,Urinary Tract Infections,Evidence-Based Nursing,Nursing,Cateterización Urinaria,Infecciones Urinarias,Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia,Enfermería

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