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      Identifying factors associated with changes in CD4 + count in HIV-infected adults in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

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          Abstract

          More than doubling the national mean, Saskatchewan has the highest incidence of HIV in Canada. The progression of HIV is characterized by the decline in CD4 + T cells over time and can lead to immunological AIDS. Clinicians in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, have observed a more rapid progression to AIDS in the recent years. The goal of this retrospective longitudinal cohort study was to investigate the rate of CD4 + cell depletion, as well as to determine the effects of multiple clinical and social factors that may contribute to an accelerated progression of HIV to AIDS in this population.

          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE:

          To assess the impact of clinical and social factors unique to HIV-infected adults in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, regarding the rate of CD4 + count change, and to identify factors associated with a risk of CD4 + count decline.

          METHODS:

          A retrospective longitudinal cohort study from medical chart reviews at two clinics was conducted in Saskatoon. Univariate and multivariate linear mixed effects models were used to assess the impact of selected factors on CD4 + count change.

          RESULTS:

          Four hundred eleven HIV-infected patients were identified from January 1, 2003 to November 30, 2011. Two hundred eighteen (53%) were male, mean (± SD) age was 35.6 ±10.1 years, 257 (70.8%) were First Nations or Métis, 312 (80.2%) were hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected and 300 (73.3%) had a history of injection drug use (IDU). In univariate models, age, ethnicity, HCV, IDU, antiretroviral therapy and social assistance were significant. Using ethnicity, HCV and IDU, three multivariate models (models 1, 2, 3) were built due to high correlation. First Nations or Métis ethnicity, HCV coinfection and a history of IDU were associated with significantly lower CD4 + counts in multivariate models. Older age and social assistance were associated with significantly lower CD4 + counts in models 1 and 3. Age was marginally significant in model 2 (P=0.055). Not prescribed antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significantly negative CD4 + count slope in all multivariate models.

          CONCLUSION:

          The unique epidemiology of this HIV-infected population may be contributing to CD4 + count change. Increased attention and resources focused on this high-risk population are needed to prevent disease progression and to improve overall health and quality of life.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF :

          Évaluer les répercussions des facteurs cliniques et sociaux propres aux adultes infectés par le VIH de Saskatoon, en Saskatchewan, sur le taux de modifications de la numération de CD4 + et déterminer les facteurs associés à un risque de diminution de la numération de CD4 +.

          MÉTHODOLOGIE :

          Les chercheurs ont réalisé une étude de cohorte longitudinale rétrospective des dossiers médicaux de deux cliniques de Saskatoon. Ils ont utilisé les modèles linéaires à effets mixtes univariés et multivariés pour évaluer les répercussions de certains facteurs associés aux modifications de la numération de CD4 +.

          RÉSULTATS :

          Les chercheurs ont repéré 411 patients infectés par le VIH entre le 1 er janvier 2003 et le 30 novembre 2011. Deux cent dix-huit d’entre eux (53 %) étaient de sexe masculin et avaient un âge moyen (± ÉT) de 35,6 ans ±10,1 ans, 257 (70,8 %) étaient Métis ou originaires des Premières nations, 312 (80,2 %) étaient co-infectés par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) et 300 (73,3 %) avaient des antécédents de consommation de drogues par injection (CDI). Dans les modèles univariés, l’âge, l’ethnie, le VHC, la CDI, l’antirétrovirothérapie et l’aide sociale étaient déterminants. À l’aide de l’ethnie, du VHC et de la CDI, les chercheurs ont formé trois modèles multivariés (modèles 1, 2, 3) en raison de leur forte corrélation. Le fait d’être Métis ou originaire des Premières nations, d’être co-infecté par le VHC et d’avoir des antécédents de CDI s’associait à des numérations de CD4 + beaucoup plus faibles dans les modèles multivariés. Le fait d’être plus âgé et de recevoir de l’aide sociale s’associait à une numération beaucoup plus faible de CD4 + dans les modèles 1 et 3. L’âge était légèrement significatif dans le modèle 2 (P=0,055). Dans tous les modèles multivariés, l’antirétrovirothérapie ne s’associait jamais à une pente négative de la numération de CD4 +.

          CONCLUSION :

          L’épidémiologie unique de cette population infectée par le VIH contribue peut-être à une modification de la numération de CD4 +. Il faudra se pencher sur ces patients à haut risque et y injecter plus de ressources pour prévenir l’évolution de leur maladie et améliorer leur santé et leur qualité de vie globales.

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          Most cited references28

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease.

          J. McCune (2001)
          The size and composition of the CD4+ T-cell population is regulated by balanced proliferation of progenitor cells and death of mature progeny. After infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, this homeostasis is often disturbed and CD4+ T cells are instead depleted. Such depletion cannot result simply from accelerated destruction of mature CD4+ T cells - sources of T-cell production must also fail. Ironically, this failure may be precipitated by physiological mechanisms designed to maintain homeostasis in the face of accelerated T-cell loss.
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            • Article: not found

            Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health.

            This review examined the interactions between the correctional system and the health of urban populations. Cities have more poor people, more people of color, and higher crime rates than suburban and rural areas; thus, urban populations are overrepresented in the nation's jails and prisons. As a result, US incarceration policies and programs have a disproportionate impact on urban communities, especially black and Latino ones. Health conditions that are overrepresented in incarcerated populations include substance abuse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other infectious diseases, perpetration and victimization by violence, mental illness, chronic disease, and reproductive health problems. Correctional systems have direct and indirect effects on health. Indirectly, they influence family structure, economic opportunities, political participation, and normative community values on sex, drugs, and violence. Current correctional policies also divert resources from other social needs. Correctional systems can have a direct effect on the health of urban populations by offering health care and health promotion in jails and prisons, by linking inmates to community services after release, and by assisting in the process of community reintegration. Specific recommendations for action and research to reduce the adverse health and social consequences of current incarceration policies are offered.
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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia after seroconversion and proximal to AIDS in a large cohort of homosexual men. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

              The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia and its association with clinical outcomes after seroconversion was characterized in a cohort of homosexual men. HIV-1 RNA was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stored longitudinal plasma samples from 269 seroconverters. Subjects were generally antiretroviral drug naive for the first 3 years after seroconversion. The decline in CD4 lymphocyte counts was strongly associated with initial HIV RNA measurements. Both initial HIV RNA levels and slopes were associated with AIDS-free times. Median slopes were +0.18, +0.09, and -0.01 log10 copies/mL, respectively, for subjects developing AIDS 7 years after seroconversion. In contrast, HIV RNA slopes in the 3 years preceding AIDS and HIV RNA levels at AIDS diagnosis showed little variation according to total AIDS-free time. HIV RNA load at the first HIV-seropositive visit ( approximately 3 months after seroconversion) was highly predictive of AIDS, and subsequent HIV RNA measurements showed even better prognostic discrimination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol
                Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol
                PGI
                The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology
                Pulsus Group Inc
                1712-9532
                1918-1493
                Jul-Aug 2015
                : 26
                : 4
                : 207-211
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan;
                [2 ]School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan;
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Kelsey Hunt, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5. Telephone 306-966-6288, fax 306-966-7920, e-mail keh470@ 123456mail.usask.ca
                Article
                jidmm-26-207
                4556182
                26361489
                a7ba68d9-61fc-4e36-b6a4-5ff1b0898f6e
                Copyright© 2015 Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved

                This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact support@ 123456pulsus.com

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                Categories
                Original Article

                cd4+ count,first nations,hcv,hiv,idu,métis,rapid progression
                cd4+ count, first nations, hcv, hiv, idu, métis, rapid progression

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