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      Intravenous Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator : Influence on Outcome in Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke Treated by Mechanical Thrombectomy

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          Abstract

          Background and Purpose—

          Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) followed by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) improves functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke related to proximal-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation. Whether MT alone is as effective as IVT/MT remains controversial. We aimed at evaluating the influence of IVT in patients with large anterior circulation artery occlusion treated with MT.

          Methods—

          We did a prospective observational cohort study in patients with stroke related to large anterior circulation artery occlusion treated by MT who were admitted to Lille University Hospital, Lille, France. We evaluated the influence of IVT on favorable functional outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score 0–2 or similar to the prestroke modified Rankin Scale) and on mortality at month 3. Between-group comparisons in outcomes were adjusted for prespecified confoundors by using a propensity score–adjusted approach.

          Results—

          From January 2012 to January 2017, we included 485 patients (median age, 68 years; 46% men; 348 [72%] in the IVT/MT group; 137 [28%] in the MT group). In MT group, 22% of patients had a favorable outcome versus 35% in IVT/MT group (adjusted relative risk, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.55). Mortality within 3 months occurred less frequently in IVT/MT group (14% versus 32%; adjusted relative risk, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.70). Successful reperfusion (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale 2b-3) was more frequent in IVT/MT group (75% versus 60%; adjusted relative risk, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.53). There was no difference between groups on hemorrhagic complications.

          Conclusions—

          In this population, previous IVT improved functional outcome and survival at 3 months in patients treated by MT. While waiting for randomized controlled trials, this result encourages not to avoid IVT before MT.

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          Most cited references42

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          A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data.

          G Zou (2004)
          Relative risk is usually the parameter of interest in epidemiologic and medical studies. In this paper, the author proposes a modified Poisson regression approach (i.e., Poisson regression with a robust error variance) to estimate this effect measure directly. A simple 2-by-2 table is used to justify the validity of this approach. Results from a limited simulation study indicate that this approach is very reliable even with total sample sizes as small as 100. The method is illustrated with two data sets.
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            Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples

            Peter C Austin (2009)
            The propensity score is a subject's probability of treatment, conditional on observed baseline covariates. Conditional on the true propensity score, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of observed baseline covariates. Propensity-score matching is a popular method of using the propensity score in the medical literature. Using this approach, matched sets of treated and untreated subjects with similar values of the propensity score are formed. Inferences about treatment effect made using propensity-score matching are valid only if, in the matched sample, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of measured baseline covariates. In this paper we discuss the following methods for assessing whether the propensity score model has been correctly specified: comparing means and prevalences of baseline characteristics using standardized differences; ratios comparing the variance of continuous covariates between treated and untreated subjects; comparison of higher order moments and interactions; five-number summaries; and graphical methods such as quantile–quantile plots, side-by-side boxplots, and non-parametric density plots for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups. We describe methods to determine the sampling distribution of the standardized difference when the true standardized difference is equal to zero, thereby allowing one to determine the range of standardized differences that are plausible with the propensity score model having been correctly specified. We highlight the limitations of some previously used methods for assessing the adequacy of the specification of the propensity-score model. In particular, methods based on comparing the distribution of the estimated propensity score between treated and untreated subjects are uninformative. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke.

              Olvert Berkhemer, Puck Fransen, Debbie Beumer … (2015)
              In patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by a proximal intracranial arterial occlusion, intraarterial treatment is highly effective for emergency revascularization. However, proof of a beneficial effect on functional outcome is lacking. We randomly assigned eligible patients to either intraarterial treatment plus usual care or usual care alone. Eligible patients had a proximal arterial occlusion in the anterior cerebral circulation that was confirmed on vessel imaging and that could be treated intraarterially within 6 hours after symptom onset. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin scale score at 90 days; this categorical scale measures functional outcome, with scores ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). The treatment effect was estimated with ordinal logistic regression as a common odds ratio, adjusted for prespecified prognostic factors. The adjusted common odds ratio measured the likelihood that intraarterial treatment would lead to lower modified Rankin scores, as compared with usual care alone (shift analysis). We enrolled 500 patients at 16 medical centers in The Netherlands (233 assigned to intraarterial treatment and 267 to usual care alone). The mean age was 65 years (range, 23 to 96), and 445 patients (89.0%) were treated with intravenous alteplase before randomization. Retrievable stents were used in 190 of the 233 patients (81.5%) assigned to intraarterial treatment. The adjusted common odds ratio was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.30). There was an absolute difference of 13.5 percentage points (95% CI, 5.9 to 21.2) in the rate of functional independence (modified Rankin score, 0 to 2) in favor of the intervention (32.6% vs. 19.1%). There were no significant differences in mortality or the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. In patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by a proximal intracranial occlusion of the anterior circulation, intraarterial treatment administered within 6 hours after stroke onset was effective and safe. (Funded by the Dutch Heart Foundation and others; MR CLEAN Netherlands Trial Registry number, NTR1804, and Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN10888758.).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Stroke
                Abbreviated Title: Stroke
                Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                ISSN (Print): 0039-2499
                ISSN (Electronic): 1524-4628
                Publication date Created: June 2018
                Publication date (Print): June 2018
                Volume: 49
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1377-1385
                Affiliations
                [1 ]From the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Lille, INSERM, U1171–Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., D.L., C.C., H.H.)
                [2 ]Department of Neuroradiology, Lille University Hospital, France (N.B., L.E., T.P.).
                [3 ]Department of Biostatistics, CHRU Lille (M.K.), University of Lille, France
                Article
                DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020490
                PubMed ID: 29748424
                SO-VID: a7cef90e-5d11-4838-af57-cf074b0f15b5
                Copyright © © 2018
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