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      Napping after complex motor learning enhances juggling performance

      research-article
      a , b , c , * , d , e
      Sleep Science
      Elsevier
      Motor learning, Motor skills, Memory consolidation, Nap, Sleep

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          Abstract

          The present study examined whether a nap after complex motor learning enhanced the following day's physical performance. Eighteen volunteers met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to either a nap ( n=9; men=5; mean age=21.0±1.5) or no-nap group ( n=9; men=5; mean age=21.9±0.3). Participants practiced juggling in the morning and were tested immediately afterwards. Participants of the nap group were given a 70-minute nap opportunity after juggling practice, while the no-nap group stayed awake. Juggling performance was then tested in the evening (retest-1) and the next morning (retest-2). Two-way analysis of variance (group: nap, no-nap×time: test, retest-1, retest-2) found there was a significant effect of test time and a significant group×time interaction. The juggling performance of both groups improved from test to retest-1, respectively. However, the juggling performance level of the nap group was higher than that of the no-nap group at the retest-1. As predicted, a nap promptly after learning motor skills was associated with subsequently improved performance. Moreover, the juggling performance of the nap group showed additional significant improvements in the retest-2. In the no-nap group, however, there were no significant improvements in the juggling performance after nocturnal sleep. These results demonstrate that the benefits of a nap following learning were further enhanced after nocturnal sleep. The present results may provide justification for introducing nap periods into daily athletic training as an active method to improve performance.

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          Most cited references17

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          Comparison of actigraphic, polysomnographic, and subjective assessment of sleep parameters in sleep-disordered patients.

          Comparison of polysomnography (PSG)-derived sleep parameters (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and number of awakenings) to those derived from actigraphy and subjective questionnaires. Actigraphy is commonly used to assist sleep specialists in the diagnosis of various sleep and circadian-rhythm disorders. However, few validation studies incorporate large sample sizes, typical sleep clinic patients, or comparisons with subjective reports of sleep parameters. Clinical series with 100 consecutive sleep-disordered patients (69 men, 31 women, mean age of 49+/-14.7 years) at a tertiary sleep disorders center. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy measures were obtained from epoch-by-epoch comparison of PSG and actigraphic data. Subjective sleep parameter data were derived from questionnaires given to subjects in the morning following their recording night. We found that total sleep time and sleep efficiency did not significantly differ between PSG data and the combined data obtained from actigraphy and subjective reports. Using a high-threshold (low-wake-sensitivity) actigraphic algorithm, the number of awakenings was not significantly different from those detected by PSG. We recommend the use of subjective data as an adjunct to actigraphic data in estimating total sleep time and sleep efficiency in sleep-disordered patients, especially those with disorders of excessive somnolence.
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            The time course of learning a visual skill.

            Several examples of experience-dependent perceptual improvement (perceptual learning) suggest that plasticity in specific neuronal loci could underlie the learning process. For a basic visual discrimination task (using an optimal stimulus for 'automatic' pre-attentive texture segregation), discrete retinal input-dependent changes within a very early stage in the stream of visual processing were indicated as the locus of a large and consistent learning effect. When do these changes occur? Here we report that except for a fast, rapidly saturating improvement early in the first practice session, performance was very stable within sessions. Indeed, observers showed little or no improvement until up to 8 hours after their last training session (latent phase). But large improvements occurred thereafter. Finally, there was almost no forgetting; what was gained was retained for at least 2-3 years. We conjecture that some types of perceptual experience trigger permanent neural changes in early processing stages of the adult visual system. These may take many hours to become functional.
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              Daytime Naps, Motor Memory Consolidation and Regionally Specific Sleep Spindles

              Background Increasing evidence demonstrates that motor-skill memories improve across a night of sleep, and that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep commonly plays a role in orchestrating these consolidation enhancements. Here we show the benefit of a daytime nap on motor memory consolidation and its relationship not simply with global sleep-stage measures, but unique characteristics of sleep spindles at regionally specific locations; mapping to the corresponding memory representation. Methodology/Principal Findings Two groups of subjects trained on a motor-skill task using their left hand – a paradigm known to result in overnight plastic changes in the contralateral, right motor cortex. Both groups trained in the morning and were tested 8 hr later, with one group obtaining a 60–90 minute intervening midday nap, while the other group remained awake. At testing, subjects that did not nap showed no significant performance improvement, yet those that did nap expressed a highly significant consolidation enhancement. Within the nap group, the amount of offline improvement showed a significant correlation with the global measure of stage-2 NREM sleep. However, topographical sleep spindle analysis revealed more precise correlations. Specifically, when spindle activity at the central electrode of the non-learning hemisphere (left) was subtracted from that in the learning hemisphere (right), representing the homeostatic difference following learning, strong positive relationships with offline memory improvement emerged–correlations that were not evident for either hemisphere alone. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrate that motor memories are dynamically facilitated across daytime naps, enhancements that are uniquely associated with electrophysiological events expressed at local, anatomically discrete locations of the brain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Sleep Sci
                Sleep Sci
                Sleep Science
                Elsevier
                1984-0659
                1984-0063
                20 April 2016
                Apr-Jun 2016
                20 April 2016
                : 9
                : 2
                : 112-116
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
                [b ]Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
                [c ]Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [d ]Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
                [e ]Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-kuTokyo160-8402Japan yuko-m@ 123456tokyo-med.ac.jp morimori.morita3@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1984-0063(16)30003-7
                10.1016/j.slsci.2016.04.002
                5021952
                27656276
                a7eb7152-3466-4a8e-8db2-5c6ec236cab1
                © 2016 Brazilian Association of Sleep. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 8 January 2016
                : 28 March 2016
                : 8 April 2016
                Categories
                Full Length Article

                motor learning,motor skills,memory consolidation,nap,sleep
                motor learning, motor skills, memory consolidation, nap, sleep

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