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      Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human cells.

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          Abstract

          Micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies such as nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) are biomarkers of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability. These genome damage events can be measured simultaneously in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay. The molecular mechanisms leading to these events have been investigated over the past two decades using molecular probes and genetically engineered cells. In this brief review, we summarise the wealth of knowledge currently available that best explains the formation of these important nuclear anomalies that are commonly seen in cancer and are indicative of genome damage events that could increase the risk of developmental and degenerative diseases. MN can originate during anaphase from lagging acentric chromosome or chromatid fragments caused by misrepair of DNA breaks or unrepaired DNA breaks. Malsegregation of whole chromosomes at anaphase may also lead to MN formation as a result of hypomethylation of repeat sequences in centromeric and pericentromeric DNA, defects in kinetochore proteins or assembly, dysfunctional spindle and defective anaphase checkpoint genes. NPB originate from dicentric chromosomes, which may occur due to misrepair of DNA breaks, telomere end fusions, and could also be observed when defective separation of sister chromatids at anaphase occurs due to failure of decatenation. NBUD represent the process of elimination of amplified DNA, DNA repair complexes and possibly excess chromosomes from aneuploid cells.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Mutagenesis
          Mutagenesis
          Oxford University Press (OUP)
          1464-3804
          0267-8357
          Jan 2011
          : 26
          : 1
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Nutritional Genomics and DNA Damage Diagnostics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Food and Nutritional Sciences, Gate 13 Kintore Avenue, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia. michael.fenech@csiro.au
          Article
          geq052
          10.1093/mutage/geq052
          21164193
          a81da6bc-2823-4e61-bbc1-7d7daadc4abb
          History

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