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      Current and Future Costs of Intractable Conflicts—Can They Create Attitude Change?

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          Abstract

          Members of societies involved in an intractable conflict usually consider costs that stem from the continuation of the conflict as unavoidable and even justify for their collective existence. This perception is well-anchored in widely shared conflict-supporting narratives that motivate them to avoid information that challenges their views about the conflict. However, since providing information about such major costs as a method for moderating conflict-related views has not been receiving much attention, in this research, we explore this venue. We examine what kind of costs, and under what conditions, exposure to major costs of a conflict affects openness to information and conciliatory attitudes among Israeli Jews in the context of the intractable Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Study 1 ( N = 255) revealed that interventions based on messages providing information on mental health cost, economic cost, and cost of the conflict to Israeli democracy had (almost) no significant effect on perceptions of the participants of these prices, openness to new information about the conflict, or support for conciliatory policies. However, the existing perceptions that participants had about the cost of the conflict to Israeli democracy were positively associated with openness to alternative information about the conflict and support for conciliatory policies. Therefore, in Study 2 ( N = 255), we tested whether providing information about future potential costs to the two fundamental characteristics of Israel, a democracy or a Jewish state, created by the continuation of the conflict, will induce attitude change regarding the conflict. The results indicate that information on the future cost to the democratic identity of Israel significantly affected the attitude of the participants regarding the conflict, while the effect was moderated by the level of religiosity. For secular participants, this manipulation created more openness to alternative information about the conflict and increased support for conciliatory policies, but for religious participants, it backfired. We discuss implications for the role of information about losses and the relationship between religiosity and attitudes regarding democracy and conflict.

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          Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk

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            It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                26 May 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 681883
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
                [2] 2School of Education, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ana-Maria Bliuc, University of Dundee, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Ayoub Bouguettaya, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Yiftach Ron, Kibbutzim College, Israel

                *Correspondence: Nimrod Rosler rosler@ 123456tauex.tau.ac.il

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681883
                8187953
                a8332cc3-f07a-47f2-abef-9358cf4430e1
                Copyright © 2021 Rosler, Hameiri, Bar-Tal, Christophe and Azaria-Tamir.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 17 March 2021
                : 30 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 79, Pages: 11, Words: 9261
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cost,intractable conflicts,democracy,israeli-palestinian conflict,openess

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