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      COMPARISON OF BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN APPROACHES TO CALCULATING THE WATER FOOTPRINTS OF NATIONS

      , , , ,
      Economic Systems Research
      Informa UK Limited

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          System boundary selection in life-cycle inventories using hybrid approaches.

          Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for evaluating the environmental impacts of products holistically, including direct and supply chain impacts. The current LCA methodologies and the standards by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) impose practical difficulties for drawing system boundaries; decisions on inclusion or exclusion of processes in an analysis (the cutoff criteria) are typically not made on a scientific basis. In particular, the requirement of deciding which processes could be excluded from the inventory can be rather difficult to meet because many excluded processes have often never been assessed by the practitioner, and therefore, their negligibility cannot be guaranteed. LCA studies utilizing economic input-output analysis have shown that, in practice, excluded processes can contribute as much to the product system under study as included processes; thus, the subjective determination of the system boundary may lead to invalid results. System boundaries in LCA are discussed herein with particular attention to outlining hybrid approaches as methods for resolving the boundary selection problem in LCA. An input-output model can be used to describe at least a part of a product system, and an ISO-compatible system boundary selection procedure can be designed by applying hybrid input-output-assisted approaches. There are several hybrid input-output analysis-based LCA methods that can be implemented in practice for broadening system boundary and also for ISO compliance.
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            Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

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              Virtual Water: A Strategic Resource Global Solutions to Regional Deficits

              J.A. Allan (1998)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Economic Systems Research
                Economic Systems Research
                Informa UK Limited
                0953-5314
                1469-5758
                December 2011
                December 2011
                : 23
                : 4
                : 371-385
                Article
                10.1080/09535314.2011.638276
                a87a4aa3-03be-489b-af15-3ac10ecc6ba7
                © 2011
                History

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