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      Polyester elastomers for soft tissue engineering

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          Abstract

          Polyester elastomers are soft, biodegradable and biocompatible and are commonly used in various biomedical applications, especially in tissue engineering.

          Abstract

          Polyester elastomers are soft, biodegradable and biocompatible and are commonly used in various biomedical applications, especially in tissue engineering. These synthetic polyesters can be easily fabricated using various techniques such as solvent casting, particle leaching, molding, electrospinning, 3-dimensional printing, photolithography, microablation etc. A large proportion of tissue engineering research efforts have focused on the use of allografts, decellularized animal scaffolds or other biological materials as scaffolds, but they face the major concern of triggering immunological responses from the host, on top of other issues. This review paper will introduce the recent developments in elastomeric polyesters, their synthesis and fabrication techniques, as well as their application in the biomedical field, focusing primarily on tissue engineering in ophthalmology, cardiac and vascular systems. Some of the commercial and near-commercial polyesters used in these tissue engineering fields will also be described.

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          Most cited references175

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          A tough biodegradable elastomer.

          Biodegradable polymers have significant potential in biotechnology and bioengineering. However, for some applications, they are limited by their inferior mechanical properties and unsatisfactory compatibility with cells and tissues. A strong, biodegradable, and biocompatible elastomer could be useful for fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and in vivo sensing. We designed, synthesized, and characterized a tough biodegradable elastomer from biocompatible monomers. This elastomer forms a covalently crosslinked, three-dimensional network of random coils with hydroxyl groups attached to its backbone. Both crosslinking and the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the hydroxyl groups likely contribute to the unique properties of the elastomer. In vitro and in vivo studies show that the polymer has good biocompatibility. Polymer implants under animal skin are absorbed completely within 60 days with restoration of the implantation sites to their normal architecture.
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            Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

            Porous scaffolds fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable polymers play vital roles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Among various scaffold matrix materials, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is a very popular and an important biodegradable polyester owing to its tunable degradation rates, good mechanical properties and processibility, etc. This review highlights the progress on PLGA scaffolds. In the latest decade, some facile fabrication approaches at room temperature were put forward; more appropriate pore structures were designed and achieved; the mechanical properties were investigated both for dry and wet scaffolds; a long time biodegradation of the PLGA scaffold was observed and a three-stage model was established; even the effects of pore size and porosity on in vitro biodegradation were revealed; the PLGA scaffolds have also been implanted into animals, and some tissues have been regenerated in vivo after loading cells including stem cells.
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              A biodegradable and biocompatible gecko-inspired tissue adhesive.

              There is a significant medical need for tough biodegradable polymer adhesives that can adapt to or recover from various mechanical deformations while remaining strongly attached to the underlying tissue. We approached this problem by using a polymer poly(glycerol-co-sebacate acrylate) and modifying the surface to mimic the nanotopography of gecko feet, which allows attachment to vertical surfaces. Translation of existing gecko-inspired adhesives for medical applications is complex, as multiple parameters must be optimized, including: biocompatibility, biodegradation, strong adhesive tissue bonding, as well as compliance and conformability to tissue surfaces. Ideally these adhesives would also have the ability to deliver drugs or growth factors to promote healing. As a first demonstration, we have created a gecko-inspired tissue adhesive from a biocompatible and biodegradable elastomer combined with a thin tissue-reactive biocompatible surface coating. Tissue adhesion was optimized by varying dimensions of the nanoscale pillars, including the ratio of tip diameter to pitch and the ratio of tip diameter to base diameter. Coating these nanomolded pillars of biodegradable elastomers with a thin layer of oxidized dextran significantly increased the interfacial adhesion strength on porcine intestine tissue in vitro and in the rat abdominal subfascial in vivo environment. This gecko-inspired medical adhesive may have potential applications for sealing wounds and for replacement or augmentation of sutures or staples.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                CSRVBR
                Chemical Society Reviews
                Chem. Soc. Rev.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                0306-0012
                1460-4744
                2018
                2018
                : 47
                : 12
                : 4545-4580
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
                [2 ]Singapore 138634
                [3 ]Singapore
                [4 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering
                [5 ]National University of Singapore
                Article
                10.1039/C8CS00161H
                29722412
                a87acb6e-0833-4156-bfb9-25b19e29bc7b
                © 2018

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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