Staphylococcus microbes in the bovine skin microbiome attract blood-feeding stable flies

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Abstract

The human skin microbiome reportedly contributes to the attraction of mosquitoes to human hosts. We tested the hypothesis that bovine skin microbes affect the attraction of blood-feeding stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, to their bovine hosts. Microbes were collected from a calf and adult cow, and subsequently isolated and identified by mass spectrometry and genetic sequencing. Separate groups of ( i) four Staphylococcus congeners ( S. chromogenes, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. succinus) and ( ii) three bacterial heterogeners ( Glutamicibacter protophormiae, Corynebacterium stationis, Wautersiella sp.) grown on agar, each attracted flies in still-air olfactometers, as did each Staphylococcus congener singly. The four Staphylococcus microbes also attracted flies in room bioassays. In greenhouse bioassays with paired black barrels as visual (surrogate host) stimuli, the treatment barrel baited with S. sciuri on agar induced significantly more fly alighting responses than the control barrel with sterile agar. This treatment effect could not be demonstrated on a cattle farm, possibly because of chemically and visually complex surroundings. Ammonia emitted by Staphylococcus microbes attracted flies, and a synthetic blend of microbe odorants enhanced the attractiveness of ammonia. Optimal attraction of stable flies to bovine microbes likely requires the integration of multimodal host cues.

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Stephen F Altschul, Warren Gish, Webb Miller … (1990)

A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates. The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straightforward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity.

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Torsten Hothorn, Frank Bretz, Peter Westfall (2008)

Simultaneous inference is a common problem in many areas of application. If multiple null hypotheses are tested simultaneously, the probability of rejecting erroneously at least one of them increases beyond the pre-specified significance level. Simultaneous inference procedures have to be used which adjust for multiplicity and thus control the overall type I error rate. In this paper we describe simultaneous inference procedures in general parametric models, where the experimental questions are specified through a linear combination of elemental model parameters. The framework described here is quite general and extends the canonical theory of multiple comparison procedures in ANOVA models to linear regression problems, generalized linear models, linear mixed effects models, the Cox model, robust linear models, etc. Several examples using a variety of different statistical models illustrate the breadth of the results. For the analyses we use the R add-on package multcomp, which provides a convenient interface to the general approach adopted here. Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

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The human skin microbiome

Allyson Byrd, Yasmine Belkaid, Julia A Segre (2018)

Functioning as the exterior interface of the human body with the environment, skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent the invasion of foreign pathogens while providing a home to the commensal microbiota. The harsh physical landscape of skin, particularly the desiccated, nutrient-poor, acidic environment, also contributes to the adversity that pathogens face when colonizing human skin. Despite this, the skin is colonized by a diverse microbiota. In this Review, we describe amplicon and shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing studies that have been used to assess the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms that are associated with skin from the kingdom to the strain level. We discuss recent insights into skin microbial communities, including their composition in health and disease, the dynamics between species and interactions with the immune system, with a focus on Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus.