11
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Effect of Active Versus Passive Recovery on Performance During Intrameet Swimming Competition

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background:

          During competition, high-performance swimmers are subject to repeated physical demands that affect their final performance. Measurement of lactate concentration in blood seeks to indirectly gauge physiologic responses to the increase in physical exercise. Swimmers face multiple maximal-exertion events during competition. Strenuous physical exercise leads to fatigue and, thus, a decrease in sports performance.

          Hypothesis:

          Regeneration exercises in swimming increase the clearance of blood lactate and therefore improve athletic performance within a single day of competition.

          Study Design:

          Crossover study.

          Level of Evidence:

          Level 1.

          Methods:

          Of 25 swimmers, 21 were included, with a mean age of 17 years. They performed exercises that increased blood lactate on 2 days. The protocol was a warm-up, followed by a 100-m freestyle workout at full speed. Swimming exercises followed that were increasingly demanding, during which serial lactatemia measurements were taken. On the first day, regeneration exercises were performed; on the second day, the swimmers rested. Next, lactatemia was measured, and a timed 100-m freestyle workout was performed at maximum speed.

          Results:

          The stress exercises increased the mean lactate concentration by 4.6 mmol/L, which corresponds to 78% of the initial basal level. The postregeneration lactatemia level was lower than that after resting (mean, 2.76 vs 6.51 mmol/L). The time to swim 100 m after regeneration was 68.11 seconds, while that after rest was 69.31 seconds.

          Conclusion:

          Blood lactate levels rose by up to 78% after the intensity of the training sessions was progressively increased. Regeneration exercises increased the rate in which blood lactate dissipated, in comparison with passive recuperation. The rate of lactate dissipation for regeneration exercises was 68%. This factor may have improved the physical performance of swimmers.

          Clinical Relevance:

          Regeneration exercises improved the performance of swimmers in maximal-exertion competition in a single day. The blood lactate level correlated with physical exercise load.

          Related collections

          Most cited references13

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research.

          The concentration of lactate in the blood is the result of (1) those processes which produce lactate and contribute to its appearance in the blood and (2) those processes which catabolize lactate after its removal from the blood. Consequently, the concentration of lactate in the blood provides minimal information about the rate of lactate production in muscle. The accumulation of lactate beyond the lactate threshold [T(lact)] does provide an indication that the mechanisms of lactate removal fail to keep pace with lactate production. Lactate is produced in skeletal muscle as a direct result of increased metabolic rate and glycolytic carbon flow. Factors which influence lactate production in muscle include: the Vmax of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), which is several times greater than the combined activities of enzymes which provide alternative pathways of pyruvate metabolism; the kM of LDH for pyruvate, which is sufficiently low to assure maximal stimulation of LDH in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate; and the K'eq of pyruvate to lactate conversion, which exceeds 1000. Recent studies on dog gracilis muscle in situ clearly indicate that lactate production occurs in contracting pure red muscle for reasons other than an O2 limitation on mitochondrial ATP production. In addition to failure of the essential assumption of the anaerobic threshold [T(an)] hypothesis that there exist limitations on O2 availability in muscles of healthy individuals during submaximal exercise, several groups of investigators have produced results which indicate that parameters associated with changes in pulmonary minute ventilation [i.e., the ventilatory threshold, T(vent)] do not always track changes in blood lactate concentration. Therefore, the T(an) hypothesis fails on the bases of theory and prediction. A series of kinetic tracer experiments to better understand lactate kinetics during exercise is proposed.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Current concepts in lactate exchange.

            There are several goals to this introductory paper in the symposium proceedings, "Current Concepts in Lactate Exchange." First, an attempt is made to set the historical context for the symposium and foreshadow how the paper of each participant contributes to our contemporary understanding of the field. As implied in the symposium title, an emphasis will be placed on the exchange of lactate for other metabolites and ions so that utilization can be temporally and spatially disassociated from formation. Thus, rather than a dead-end metabolite, which only accumulates during exercise, there appears to be great usefulness in the formation, exchange between cells, blood and organs, and utilization of lactic acid (lactate). Specific papers will deal with aspects of lactate release and uptake by skeletal muscle, hepatic lactate balance, the flux of dietary carbohydrate through various lactate pools in the synthesis of liver glycogen, lactate metabolism in the heart, properties of the sarcolemmal lactate transporter, and evolution of a model to predict lactate production from blood measurements. Second, in this review an attempt will be made to present and support a unifying hypothesis (the "lactate shuttle") in which the various aspects of lactate exchange may be integrated and understood. Emphasis will be placed on showing several corollaries between muscle and whole-body lactate metabolism. These are: temporal dependence on lactate uptake and release, the effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation on lactate formation and release, the effect of prior endurance training on lactate metabolism, the effect of lactate on glucose uptake and utilization, and the role of low oxygen tension (hypoxia) in loosening the control of glycolysis. The formation, exchange, and utilization of lactate represents a central means by which the coordination of intermediary metabolism in diverse tissues and different cells within tissues can be accomplished.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Lactic acid removal rates during controlled and uncontrolled recovery exercise.

              After a standardized 6-min bicycle ergometer exercise (89% VO2max) lactic acid removal rates were compared during recovery at rest and exercies at 29.7, 45.3, 61.8, and 80.8% VO2max, and twice while the subjects (N = 7) regulated their own recovery exercise. Blood samples were taken after the standardized exercise and every 5 min during the 30-min recovery periods. During the controlled recovery periods lactic acid removal rates were dependent on the intensity of the recovery (Y' = 0.103 + 0.218chi - 0.464 X 10(-2)chi2 + 0.252 X 10(-4)chi3). Optimal removal was predicted to occur at 32% VO2max. Removal rates during the self-regulated recoveries were not different (P greater than 0.05), but these removal rates were faster than during recovery at rest and exercise at 61.8 and 80.8% VO2max (P less than 0.01). Removal rates during the self-regulated recovery and recovery at 29.7 and 45.3% VO2max were not different (P greater than 0.05). The subjects were therefore able to remove lactic acid effectively when selecting their own recovery exercise.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sports Health
                Sports Health
                SPH
                spsph
                Sports Health
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                1941-7381
                1941-0921
                March 2014
                March 2014
                : 6
                : 2
                : 119-121
                Affiliations
                []University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Jaime Hinzpeter, MD, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile (e-mail: jhchinzpeter@ 123456yahoo.com ).
                Article
                10.1177_1941738113500769
                10.1177/1941738113500769
                3931336
                24587860
                a88e8b98-bca9-45b2-9c83-d62ece7f0355
                © 2013 The Author(s)
                History
                Categories
                Sports Physical Therapy
                Custom metadata
                March/April 2014

                Sports medicine
                lactate,exercise,regeneration,swimming
                Sports medicine
                lactate, exercise, regeneration, swimming

                Comments

                Comment on this article