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      Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Social Vulnerability Index for Use in the Dutch Context

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          Abstract

          Being able to identify socially frail older adults is essential for designing interventions and policy and for the prediction of health outcomes, both on the level of individual older adults and of the population. The aim of the present study was to adapt the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to the Dutch language and culture for those purposes. A systematic cross-cultural adaptation of the initial Social Vulnerability Index was performed following five steps: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, a Delphi procedure, and a test for face validity and feasibility. The main result of this study is a face-valid 32 item Dutch version of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI-D) that is feasible in health care and social care settings. The SVI-D is a useful index to measure social frailty in Dutch-language countries and offers a broad, holistic quantification of older people’s social circumstances related to the risk of adverse health outcomes.

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          The Delphi technique: a worthwhile research approach for nursing?

          H P McKenna (1994)
          Since its introduction as a research approach in the late 1940s the Delphi technique has had over 1000 published research utilizations. Most of these have been in the field of social policy. However, a review of contemporary nursing literature suggests that it is becoming a popular choice among nurse researchers. With its focus on maximizing participant's judgements and decision-making abilities the Delphi technique is a useful tool in the research armoury of a young profession. However, questions remain about its scientific respectability. This paper gives an overview of what the Delphi technique is, the criteria for selecting it as a research approach, the studies where it has been used and its advantages and disadvantages.
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            Social isolation.

            J Cacioppo, Gary G. Berntson, Louise C. Hawkley … (2011)
            Social species, by definition, form organizations that extend beyond the individual. These structures evolved hand in hand with behavioral, neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms to support them because the consequent social behaviors helped these organisms survive, reproduce, and care for offspring sufficiently long that they too reproduced. Social isolation represents a lens through which to investigate these behavioral, neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms. Evidence from human and nonhuman animal studies indicates that isolation heightens sensitivity to social threats (predator evasion) and motivates the renewal of social connections. The effects of perceived isolation in humans share much in common with the effects of experimental manipulations of isolation in nonhuman social species: increased tonic sympathetic tonus and HPA activation; and decreased inflammatory control, immunity, sleep salubrity, and expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid responses. Together, these effects contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in older adults. © 2011 New York Academy of Sciences.
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              Social vulnerability predicts cognitive decline in a prospective cohort of older Canadians.

              Kenneth Rockwood, Melissa Andrew (2010)
              Although numerous social factors have been associated with cognition in older adults, these findings have been limited by the consideration of individual factors in isolation. We investigated whether social vulnerability, defined as an index comprising many social factors, is associated with cognitive decline. In this secondary analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, 2468 community-dwellers aged 70 and older were followed up for 5 years. The social vulnerability index incorporated 40 social variables. Each response was scored as 0 if the "deficit" was absent and 1 if it was present; the 40 deficit scores were then summed. For some analyses, index scores were split into tertiles of high, intermediate, and low social vulnerability. Cognitive decline was defined as a >or=5-point decline in the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS). Associations of social vulnerability with 5-year cognitive decline (adjusting for age, sex, frailty, and baseline cognition) were analyzed by using logistic regression. Mean social vulnerability was 0.25 (standard deviation, 0.09) or 9.9 deficits of the list of 40. The median cognitive change of -1.0 (interquartile range, -6 to 2) points on the 3MS was noted at 5 years. About 743 individuals (30% of the sample) experienced a decline of >or=5 points on the 3MS. Each additional social deficit was associated with increased odds of cognitive decline (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.06; P = .02). Compared with those with low social vulnerability, individuals with high social vulnerability had a 36% increased odds of experiencing cognitive decline (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.74; P = .015). Increasing social vulnerability, defined by using a social vulnerability index incorporating many social factors, was associated with increased odds of cognitive decline during a period of 5 years in this study of older Canadians. Further study of social vulnerability in relation to cognition is warranted, with particular attention to potential interventions to alleviate its burden. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 November 2017
                Publication date (Print): November 2017
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1387
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Group in Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, 9714 CA Groningen, The Netherlands; c.p.van.der.schans@ 123456pl.hanze.nl (C.P.v.d.S.); j.s.m.hobbelen@ 123456pl.hanze.nl (H.H.)
                [2 ]Department of Sociology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands; b.j.m.steverink@ 123456rug.nl
                [3 ]Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
                [4 ]Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E1, Canada; melissa.andrew@ 123456nshealth.ca
                [5 ]Department of Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
                [6 ]Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: s.bunt@ 123456pl.hanze.nl ; Tel.: +31-643-905-646
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5369-2379
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2810-4365
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-14-01387
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111387
                PMC ID: 5708026
                PubMed ID: 29135914
                SO-VID: a8bbe042-0dd9-4cff-a2ec-e915a7af590d
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 September 2017
                Date accepted : 10 November 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: social frailty,social vulnerability,frailty,index
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: social frailty, social vulnerability, frailty, index

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