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      Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines.

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          Abstract

          Many of the pro-inflammatory cytokines which are released in response to immune/inflammatory insults exert marked stimulatory influences on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis; they thus provoke the release of glucocorticoids which, in turn, temper the ensuing immune-inflammatory response and thereby complete a homeostatic neuroendocrine-immune regulatory loop. This article reviews the putative mechanisms by which cytokines, released acutely in response to such insults, activate the HPA axis, placing particular emphasis on the actions and interactions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and on the counter-regulatory mechanisms that are in place.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab
          Bailliere's best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism
          1532-1908
          Dec 1999
          : 13
          : 4
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Neuroendocrinology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
          Article
          10903811
          a8da00b9-a530-4acd-bb7a-d00b5be9e88c
          History

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