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      Dengue — Quo tu et quo vadis?

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          Abstract

          Dengue viruses (DENV) are by far the most important arboviral pathogens in the tropics around the world, putting at risk of infection nearly a third of the global human population. DENV are members of the genus Flavivirus in the Family Flaviviridae and comprise four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV-1-4). Although they share almost identical epidemiological features, they are genetically distinct. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed valuable insights into the origins, epidemiology and the forces that shape DENV evolution in nature. In this review, we examine the current status of DENV evolution, including but not limited to rates of evolution, selection pressures, population sizes and evolutionary constraints, and we discuss how these factors influence transmission, pathogenesis and emergence.

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          The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems.

          Duane J. Gubler (2002)
          During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic resurgence or emergence of epidemic arboviral diseases affecting both humans and domestic animals. These epidemics have been caused primarily by viruses thought to be under control such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis, or viruses that have expanded their geographic distribution such as West Nile and Rift Valley fever. Several of these viruses are presented as case studies to illustrate the changing epidemiology. The factors responsible for the dramatic resurgence of arboviral diseases in the waning years of the 20th century are discussed, as is the need for rebuilding the public health infrastructure to deal with epidemic vector-borne diseases in the 21st century.
          Article 0 comments Cited 278 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Global Spread and Persistence of Dengue

            Jennifer L. Kyle, Eva Harris (2008)
            Dengue is a spectrum of disease caused by four serotypes of the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus affecting humans today, and its incidence has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. Due in part to population growth and uncontrolled urbanization in tropical and subtropical countries, breeding sites for the mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus have proliferated, and successful vector control has proven problematic. Dengue viruses have evolved rapidly as they have spread worldwide, and genotypes associated with increased virulence have expanded from South and Southeast Asia into the Pacific and the Americas. This review explores the human, mosquito, and viral factors that contribute to the global spread and persistence of dengue, as well as the interaction between the three spheres, in the context of ecological and climate changes. What is known, as well as gaps in knowledge, is emphasized in light of future prospects for control and prevention of this pandemic disease.
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              Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus.

              G Kuno, G J Chang, K R Tsuchiya … (1998)
              We undertook a comprehensive phylogenetic study to establish the genetic relationship among the viruses of the genus Flavivirus and to compare the classification based on molecular phylogeny with the existing serologic method. By using a combination of quantitative definitions (bootstrap support level and the pairwise nucleotide sequence identity), the viruses could be classified into clusters, clades, and species. Our phylogenetic study revealed for the first time that from the putative ancestor two branches, non-vector and vector-borne virus clusters, evolved and from the latter cluster emerged tick-borne and mosquito-borne virus clusters. Provided that the theory of arthropod association being an acquired trait was correct, pairwise nucleotide sequence identity among these three clusters provided supporting data for a possibility that the non-vector cluster evolved first, followed by the separation of tick-borne and mosquito-borne virus clusters in that order. Clades established in our study correlated significantly with existing antigenic complexes. We also resolved many of the past taxonomic problems by establishing phylogenetic relationships of the antigenically unclassified viruses with the well-established viruses and by identifying synonymous viruses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses
                Title: Viruses
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915
                Publication date Collection: September 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 September 2011
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 1562-1608
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; E-Mail: ruchen@ 123456utmb.edu
                [2 ] Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
                [3 ] Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
                [4 ] Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: nivasila@ 123456utmb.edu ; Tel.: +1-409-266-6919; Fax: +1-409-266-6810.
                Article
                Publisher ID: viruses-03-01562
                DOI: 10.3390/v3091562
                PMC ID: 3187692
                PubMed ID: 21994796
                SO-VID: a8e97609-3c11-4f6d-a425-11bfcce22411
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 8 July 2011
                Date revision received : 12 August 2011
                Date accepted : 12 August 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: phylogenetics,dengue virus (denv),arbovirus,evolution,mosquito
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: phylogenetics, dengue virus (denv), arbovirus, evolution, mosquito

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