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      Conocimiento taxonómico de la familia Poaceae en México

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes: La clasificación de la familia Poaceae ha cambiado a lo largo de los años, por la evolución de distintas áreas del conocimiento de la sistemática, tanto en sus aspectos teóricos como prácticos. La morfología y anatomía siguen siendo fuentes importantes de información taxonómica en las gramíneas. Sin embargo, en los últimos 20 años, los trabajos moleculares que buscan inferir la filogenia de los diferentes taxa, han dominado el escenario de la sistemática de la familia, lo que ha derivado en cambios y re-arreglos a todos los niveles taxonómicos. Objetivo: Realizar la revisión y actualización de la información taxonómica y geográfica de las Poaceae de México, presentando un listado de especies, en el que se señalan los taxa nativos, introducidos y endémicos, los logros alcanzados en el conocimiento del grupo, así como los retos que se habrán de enfrentar en el futuro para adelantar en el conocimiento de las gramíneas de México. Métodos: Se tomó como base de referencia el trabajo de Dávila et al. (2006). Se revisó tanto la literatura especializada disponible de 2006 a la fecha y distintas bases de datos nomenclaturales y taxonómicas. El trabajo también incluye la revisión de ejemplares de 29 herbarios entre 2006-2017. La lista de las especies se presenta con base en la clasificación de Soreng et al. (2015). Resultados: Se registran en México 11 subfamilias, 205 géneros, 1,216 especies y 207 categorías infraespecíficas. Se presenta el listado alfabético de las especies, resaltando su distribución a nivel estatal y en particular las endémicas e introducidas. Se incluye también la distribución de las especies a nivel estatal. Asimismo, se presentan los avances alcanzados en relación a los estudios de las diferentes subfamilias con diversos enfoques de estudio, tanto metodológicos como conceptuales, y los retos que se habrán de enfrentar en los próximos años.

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          Abstract: Background: The classification of the Poaceae family has changed over the years, due to the knowledge evolution, the use of different techniques and theoretical approaches and the technological advances. Important sources of taxonomic information on grasses are still their morphology and anatomy. However, in the past 20 years, molecular work seeking to infer the phylogeny of different taxa has dominated the Systematics of the Poaceae. This knowledge trend has resulted in changes and rearrangements at all taxonomic levels. Objective: To carry out the review and comprehensive updating of the taxonomic and geographic information of the Poaceae of Mexico, including the species checklist, highlighting the native, introduced and endemic taxa, as well as, the achievements obtained and the future research challenges. Methods: The main reference used was the work of Dávila et al. (2006). We also undertook a thorough revision of the available specialized literature since 2006 and the nomenclatural and taxonomic databases. This work also included the specimens’ revision from 29 different herbaria that were consulted between 2006-2017. The species checklist follows the classification of Soreng et al. (2015). Results: The grasses recorded in the country belong to 11 subfamilies, 205 genera, 1,216 species and 207 infraspecific categories. A species alphabetical list is included, highlighting the introduced and endemic taxa. In addition, the species distribution, at the state level, is also presented. Also data regarding the achievements obtained and the challenges for the coming years, is included.

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          Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico

          Abstract: An updated inventory of the native vascular plants of Mexico records 23,314 species, distributed in 2,854 genera, 297 families, and 73 orders. The flora includes 1,039 species of ferns and lycophytes, 149 gymnosperms, and 22,126 angiosperms. On average, the number of synonyms per species is 1.3 (mode = 1). The number of species places Mexico as the country with the fourth largest floristic richness in the world, although among the non-insular countries, by its number of endemic species (about 50%) is second only surpassed by South Africa. The species distribution among higher taxonomic categories, and the richness and endemism values in the 32 states of Mexico are discussed. This compilation allows us to assess the flora's contribution to the overall Mexican biodiversity.
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            A phylogeographic study of the cosmopolitan genus Phragmites (Poaceae) based on AFLPs

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              Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): a combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus.

              Twenty-five genera having sterile inflorescence branches were recognized as the bristle clade within the x = 9 Paniceae (Panicoideae). Within the bristle clade, taxonomic circumscription of Cenchrus (20-25 species), Pennisetum (80-140) and the monotypic Odontelytrum is still unclear. Several criteria have been applied to characterize Cenchrus and Pennisetum, but none of these has proved satisfactory as the diagnostic characters, such as fusion of bristles in the inflorescences, show continuous variation. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological, plastid (trnL-F, ndhF) and nuclear (knotted) data is presented for a representative species sampling of the genera. All analyses were conducted under parsimony, using heuristic searches with TBR branch swapping. Branch support was assessed with parsimony jackknifing. Based on plastid and morphological data, Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum were supported as a monophyletic group: the PCO clade. Only one section of Pennisetum (Brevivalvula) was supported as monophyletic. The position of P. lanatum differed among data partitions, although the combined plastid and morphology and nuclear analyses showed this species to be a member of the PCO clade. The basic chromosome number x = 9 was found to be plesiomorphic, and x = 5, 7, 8, 10 and 17 were derived states. The nuclear phylogenetic analysis revealed a reticulate pattern of relationships among Pennisetum and Cenchrus, suggesting that there are at least three different genomes. Because apomixis can be transferred among species through hybridization, its history most likely reflects crossing relationships, rather than multiple independent appearances. Due to the consistency between the present results and different phylogenetic hypotheses (including morphological, developmental and multilocus approaches), and the high support found for the PCO clade, also including the type species of the three genera, we propose unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum. Species of Pennisetum and Odontelytrum are here transferred into Cenchrus, which has priority. Sixty-six new combinations are made here.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bs
                Botanical Sciences
                Bot. sci
                Sociedad Botánica de México A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                2007-4298
                2007-4476
                September 2018
                : 96
                : 3
                : 462-514
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Mexico
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Mexico
                [4] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1CIIDIR-Durango Mexico
                [2] Veracruz orgnameInstituto de Ecología Mexico
                Article
                S2007-42982018000300462
                10.17129/botsci.1894
                a91a92c5-947b-439f-963a-73960582c6cf

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2017
                : 21 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 167, Pages: 53
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Taxonomía y florística

                nomenclatura,clasificación,gramíneas,nomenclature,pastos,classification,grasses,pastures

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