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      A Followership Approach to Leadership : The Interplay Between Leadership, Context, and Follower Behaviors

      research-article
      1 , * , , 2
      Journal of Personnel Psychology
      Hogrefe Publishing
      followership, LMX, top management openness, voice

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          Abstract

          Abstract. Leadership research has privileged leaders' active role in shaping leader–follower interactions, whereas much less attention has been given to how followers interact with leaders. We propose that leader–member exchange (LMX) mediates the relationship between followership and employee behaviors. We also suggest that top management openness (TMO) moderates these relationships. With a sample of 769 supervisor–subordinate dyads, we examined the role of followership and contextual variables on LMX and outcomes. We found that LMX mediates the relationship between proactive followership and voice and that this relationship was significant only when TMO was high. These findings suggest that followers play an active role in the leadership process and that to stimulate voice one should consider two levels of analysis: followers and leaders.

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          Most cited references112

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

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            Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

            Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
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              Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it.

              Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms "method" and "method bias" and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                pps
                Journal of Personnel Psychology
                Hogrefe Publishing
                1866-5888
                2190-5150
                March 25, 2022
                October 2022
                : 21
                : 4
                : 161-174
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Center of Administration and Public Policies (CAPP), Institute of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal
                [ 2 ]Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon, Portugal
                Author notes
                Maria João Velez, Center of Administration and Public Policies (CAPP), Institute of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Rua Almerindo Lessa, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal, mvelez@ 123456iscsp.ulisboa.pt
                Article
                pps_21_4_161
                10.1027/1866-5888/a000299
                a93c63c7-8412-4238-9b1f-8feafd216765
                Copyright @ 2022
                History
                : July 22, 2020
                : September 3, 2021
                : December 12, 2021
                Funding
                Funding: This project was supported by a Doctoral Grant from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) to the first author (SFRH/BD/80658/2011) and by the FCT funding to Nova SBE's research unit (UID/ECO/00124/2013).
                Categories
                Original Article

                Assessment, Evaluation & Research methods,Psychology,General behavioral science
                followership,top management openness,LMX,voice

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