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      Rapid Link of Innate Immune Signal to Adaptive Immunity by Brain–Fat Axis

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          Abstract

          Innate immunity signals induced by pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns are essential for adaptive immune responses, but it is unclear if the brain plays a role in this process. Here we show that while tumor necrosis factor (TNF) quickly increased in the brain of mice following bacterial infection, intra-brain TNF delivery mimicked bacterial infection to rapidly increase peripheral lymphocytes, especially in the spleen and fat. Multiple mouse models revealed that hypothalamic responses to TNF were accountable for this increase of peripheral lymphocytes in response to bacterial infection. Finally, hypothalamic induction of lipolysis was found to mediate the brain's action in promoting this increase in peripheral adaptive immune response. Thus, the brain-fat axis is important for rapidly linking innate immunity to adaptive immunity.

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          Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome.

          Christian Meisel, Jan Schwab, Konstantin Prass … (2005)
          Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute CNS injury. It has recently become clear that CNS injury significantly increases susceptibility to infection by brain-specific mechanisms: CNS injury induces a disturbance of the normally well balanced interplay between the immune system and the CNS. As a result, CNS injury leads to secondary immunodeficiency - CNS injury-induced immunodepression (CIDS) - and infection. CIDS might serve as a model for the study of the mechanisms and mediators of brain control over immunity. More importantly, understanding CIDS will allow us to work on developing effective therapeutic strategies, with which the outcome after CNS damage by a host of diseases could be improved by eliminating a major determinant of poor recovery.
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            Innate immunity: an overview

            B Beutler (2004)
            Though sometimes portrayed as "new," the science of innate immunity made its start more than 100 years ago. Recent progress has reflected the application of new methods to old problems. In particular, genetic dissection of innate immune pathways has been pursued with great success in model organisms. This has opened the way to an understanding of innate immune sensing. The effector arm of innate immunity has also been tackled, largely though the use of biochemical methods.
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              Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia.

              Mauricio Rosas-Ballina, Mahendar Ochani, William Parrish … (2008)
              The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. During infection, cells of the immune system release cytokines and other mediators that cause fever, hypotension, and tissue injury. Although the effect of cytokines on the nervous system has been known for decades, only recently has it become evident that the autonomic nervous system, in turn, regulates cytokine production through neural pathways. We have previously shown that efferent vagus nerve signals regulate cytokine production through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha7, a mechanism termed "the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway." Here, we show that vagus nerve stimulation during endotoxemia specifically attenuates TNF production by spleen macrophages in the red pulp and the marginal zone. Administration of nicotine, a pharmacological agonist of alpha7, attenuated TNF immunoreactivity in these specific macrophage subpopulations. Synaptophysin-positive nerve endings were observed in close apposition to red pulp macrophages, but they do not express choline acetyltransferase or vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Surgical ablation of the splenic nerve and catecholamine depletion by reserpine indicate that these nerves are catecholaminergic and are required for functional inhibition of TNF production by vagus nerve stimulation. Thus, the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway regulates TNF production in discrete macrophage populations via two serially connected neurons: one preganglionic, originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and the second postganglionic, originating in the celiac-superior mesenteric plexus, and projecting in the splenic nerve.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 100941354
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 21750
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Immunol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat. Immunol.
                Title: Nature immunology
                ISSN (Print): 1529-2908
                ISSN (Electronic): 1529-2916
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 13 August 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 April 2015
                Publication date (Print): May 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 November 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 525-533
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.
                [2 ]Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.
                [3 ]Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to D.C., Phone: 718-430-2426, Fax: 718-430-2433, dongsheng.cai@ 123456einstein.yu.edu
                Article
                Manuscript ID: NIHMS668513
                DOI: 10.1038/ni.3133
                PMC ID: 4564120
                PubMed ID: 25848866
                SO-VID: a96b55bb-d059-4f16-9cf7-d7fa96c45672
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: innate immunity,adaptive immunity,brain,hypothalamus,tnf,lipolysis,fatty acid
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, brain, hypothalamus, tnf, lipolysis, fatty acid

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