Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Algae Extracts on Bacteria Responsible of External Otitis

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Abstract

External otitis is a diffuse inflammation around the external auditory canal and auricle, which is often occurred by microbial infection. This disease is generally treated using antibiotics, but the frequent occurrence of antibiotic resistance requires the development of new antibiotic agents. In this context, unexplored bioactive natural candidates could be a chance for the production of targeted drugs provided with antimicrobial activity. In this paper, microbial pathogens were isolated from patients with external otitis using ear swabs for over one year, and the antimicrobial activity of the two methanol extracts from selected marine ( Dunaliella salina) and freshwater ( Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) microalgae was tested on the isolated pathogens. Totally, 114 bacterial and 11 fungal strains were isolated, of which Staphylococcus spp. (28.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa) (24.8%) were the major pathogens. Only three Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) strains and 11 coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed resistance to methicillin. The two algal extracts showed interesting antimicrobial properties, which mostly inhibited the growth of isolated S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. with MICs range of 1.4 × 10 ⁹ to 2.2 × 10 ¹⁰ cells/mL. These results suggest that the two algae have potential as resources for the development of antimicrobial agents.

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Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices.

G Christensen, W Simpson, J Younger … (1985)

The adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to smooth surfaces was assayed by measuring the optical densities of stained bacterial films adherent to the floors of plastic tissue culture plates. The optical densities correlated with the weight of the adherent bacterial film (r = 0.906; P less than 0.01). The measurements also agreed with visual assessments of bacterial adherence to culture tubes, microtiter plates, and tissue culture plates. Selected clinical strains were passed through a mouse model for foreign body infections and a rat model for catheter-induced endocarditis. The adherence measurements of animal passed strains remained the same as those of the laboratory-maintained parent strain. Spectrophotometric classification of coagulase-negative staphylococci into nonadherent and adherent categories according to these measurements had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 90.6, 80.8, and 88.4%, respectively. We examined a previously described collection of 127 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from an outbreak of intravascular catheter-associated sepsis; strains associated with sepsis were more adherent than blood culture contaminants and cutaneous strains (P less than 0.001). We also examined a collection of 84 strains isolated from pediatric patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts; once again, pathogenic strains were more adherent than were CSF contaminants (P less than 0.01). Finally, we measured the adherence of seven endocarditis strains. As opposed to strains associated with intravascular catheters and CSF shunts, endocarditis strains were less adherent than were saprophytic strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The optical densities of bacterial films adherent to plastic tissue culture plates serve as a quantitative model for the study of the adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to medical devices, a process which may be important in the pathogenesis of foreign body infections.

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Presence of icaA and icaD genes and slime production in a collection of staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections.

L Baldassarri, C Arciola, L Montanaro (2001)

Both Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are important causes of infections associated with catheters and other medical devices. It has recently been shown that not only S. epidermidis but also S. aureus can produce slime and carries the ica operon responsible for slime production. In the operon, coexpression of icaA and icaD is required for full slime synthesis. In this study, the presence of icaA and icaD was determined in a collection of 91 staphylococcal (68 S. epidermidis and 23 S. aureus) strains from intravenous catheter-associated infections, in 10 strains from the skin and mucosa of healthy volunteers, and in two reference strains by a PCR method. Slime-forming ability was tested on Congo red agar plates; 49% of S. epidermidis strains from catheters and, surprisingly, 61% of S. aureus strains were icaA and icaD positive and slime forming. All the saprophytic strains turned out to be negative for both icaA and icaD and also non-slime forming. Two S. aureus and one S. epidermidis strain from catheters, detected as icaA and icaD positive by PCR analysis and as slime forming (black colonies) at 24 h on Congo red agar, at 48 h exhibited tiny red spikes at the center of black colonies. The onset of these variants could not be ascribed to a mutagenic potential of Congo red, which, in the Ames test, was devoid of mutagenicity. PCR analysis showed that these red variants were negative for both icaA and icaD and even lacking the entire icaADBC operon. The data reported indicate an important role of ica genes as a virulence marker in staphylococcal infections from intravenous catheters.

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Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action †

Alejandro M. S. Mayer, Abimael Rodríguez, Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati … (2013)

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Peer B. Jacobson: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs

Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs

Title: Marine Drugs

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397

Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2015

Publication date Collection: October 2015

Volume: 13

Issue: 10

Pages: 6440-6452

Affiliations

[1 ]Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; E-Mail: Gianluca.Pane@ 123456unige.it

[2 ]Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; E-Mails: gabrielecacciola@ 123456live.it (G.C.); erika.coppo@ 123456unige.it (E.C.)

[3 ]Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, Genova 16132, Italy; E-Mail: Elisabetta.Giacco@ 123456unige.it

Author notes

[* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Gian.Luigi.Mariottini@ 123456unige.it ; Tel.: +39-10-353-8070; Fax: +39-10-353-8072.

Article

Publisher ID: marinedrugs-13-06440

DOI: 10.3390/md13106440

PMC ID: 4626699

PubMed ID: 26492256

SO-VID: a96ba65c-7584-4ccf-9dea-511c53cd7a9a

License:

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 30 July 2015

Date accepted : 08 October 2015

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Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Algae Extracts on Bacteria Responsible of External Otitis

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Most cited references 55

Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices.

Presence of icaA and icaD genes and slime production in a collection of staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections.

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action †

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Cited by 20

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