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      Evidence of Biocontrol Activity of Bioinoculants Against a Human Pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes

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          Abstract

          Due to rhizodeposits and various microbial interactions, the rhizosphere is an extremely dynamic system, which provides a conductive niche not only for bacteria beneficial to plants but also for those that might pose a potential threat to humans. The importance of bioinoculants as biocontrol agents to combat phytopathogens has been widely recognized. However, little information exists with respect to their role in inhibiting human pathogens in the rhizosphere. The present study is an attempt to understand the impact of an established bacterial consortium, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, on the survivability of Listeria monocytogenes in the rhizosphere of Cajanus cajan and Festuca arundinacea. An experiment conducted in Hoagland’s medium in the presence of C. cajan demonstrated that the presence of bioinoculants impaired growth of L. monocytogenes compared to that observed in their absence. On the other hand, in the presence of F. arundinacea, no significant differences were observed in the population dynamics of L. monocytogenes in the presence or absence of the bioinoculants. Agar plate assay through cross streak method revealed the inhibition of L. monocytogenes by bioinoculants. Potential bioactive compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). These results suggest that agricultural amendments can act as protective agents against human pathogens while enforcing plant growth promotion.

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          Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.

          The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
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            The rhizosphere: a playground and battlefield for soilborne pathogens and beneficial microorganisms

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              The Ecology and Evolution of Microbial Competition.

              Microbes are typically surrounded by different strains and species with whom they compete for scarce nutrients and limited space. Given such challenging living conditions, microbes have evolved many phenotypes with which they can outcompete and displace their neighbours: secretions to harvest resources, loss of costly genes whose products can be obtained from others, stabbing and poisoning neighbouring cells, or colonising spaces while preventing others from doing so. These competitive phenotypes appear to be common, although evidence suggests that, over time, competition dies down locally, often leading to stable coexistence of genetically distinct lineages. Nevertheless, the selective forces acting on competition and the resulting evolutionary fates of the different players depend on ecological conditions in a way that is not yet well understood. Here, we highlight open questions and theoretical predictions of the long-term dynamics of competition that remain to be tested. Establishing a clearer understanding of microbial competition will allow us to better predict the behaviour of microbes, and to control and manipulate microbial communities for industrial, environmental, and medical purposes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                11 March 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 350
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , New Delhi, India
                [2] 2Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne – Franche-Comté , Dijon, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Camille Eichelberger Granada, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Daiane Heidrich, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Brazil; Cameron Parsons, North Carolina State University, United States; Houhui Song, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, China; Vânia Borges Ferreira, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal

                *Correspondence: Shilpi Sharma, shilpi@ 123456dbeb.iitd.ac.in

                Present address: Pascal Piveteau, INRAE, Rennes, France

                This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2020.00350
                7078112
                a96cb8a4-abc0-45b7-bdc4-1dc6e09f4144
                Copyright © 2020 Sharma, Gal, Garmyn, Bisaria, Sharma and Piveteau.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 05 December 2019
                : 17 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology 10.13039/501100001407
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                azotobacter chroococcum,bacillus megaterium,pseudomonas fluorescens,cajanus cajan,festuca arundinacea,inhibition,uplc-ms,bioactive compounds

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