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      Effects of Fully Open-Air [CO 2] Elevation on Leaf Photosynthesis and Ultrastructure of Isatis indigotica Fort

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          Abstract

          Traditional Chinese medicine relies heavily on herbs, yet there is no information on how these herb plants would respond to climate change. In order to gain insight into such response, we studied the effect of elevated [CO 2] on Isatis indigotica Fort, one of the most popular Chinese herb plants. The changes in leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf ultrastructure and biomass yield in response to elevated [CO 2] (550±19 µmol mol –1) were determined at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experimental facility in North China. Photosynthetic ability of I. indigotica was improved under elevated [CO 2]. Elevated [CO 2] increased net photosynthetic rate ( P N), water use efficiency (WUE) and maximum rate of electron transport ( J max) of upper most fully-expended leaves, but not stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration ratio ( Tr) and maximum velocity of carboxylation ( V c,max). Elevated [CO 2] significantly increased leaf intrinsic efficiency of PSII ( Fv’/Fm’) and quantum yield of PSII( ΦPS II ), but decreased leaf non-photochemical quenching ( NPQ), and did not affect leaf proportion of open PSII reaction centers ( qP) and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII ( Fv/Fm). The structural chloroplast membrane, grana layer and stroma thylakoid membranes were intact under elevated [CO 2], though more starch grains were accumulated within the chloroplasts than that of under ambient [CO 2]. While the yield of I. indigotica was higher due to the improved photosynthesis under elevated [CO 2], the content of adenosine, one of the functional ingredients in indigowoad root was not affected.

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          MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2?

          The primary effect of the response of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 (Ca) is to increase resource use efficiency. Elevated Ca reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration and improves water use efficiency, and at the same time it stimulates higher rates of photosynthesis and increases light-use efficiency. Acclimation of photosynthesis during long-term exposure to elevated Ca reduces key enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, and this increases nutrient use efficiency. Improved soil-water balance, increased carbon uptake in the shade, greater carbon to nitrogen ratio, and reduced nutrient quality for insect and animal grazers are all possibilities that have been observed in field studies of the effects of elevated Ca. These effects have major consequences for agriculture and native ecosystems in a world of rising atmospheric Ca and climate change.
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            Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants FACE the future.

            Atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) is now higher than it was at any time in the past 26 million years and is expected to nearly double during this century. Terrestrial plants with the C(3) photosynthetic pathway respond in the short term to increased [CO(2)] via increased net photosynthesis and decreased transpiration. In the longer term this increase is often offset by downregulation of photosynthetic capacity. But much of what is currently known about plant responses to elevated [CO(2)] comes from enclosure studies, where the responses of plants may be modified by size constraints and the limited life-cycle stages that are examined. Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) was developed as a means to grow plants in the field at controlled elevation of CO(2) under fully open-air field conditions. The findings of FACE experiments are quantitatively summarized via meta-analytic statistics and compared to findings from chamber studies. Although trends agree with parallel summaries of enclosure studies, important quantitative differences emerge that have important implications both for predicting the future terrestrial biosphere and understanding how crops may need to be adapted to the changed and changing atmosphere.
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              Fitting photosynthetic carbon dioxide response curves for C(3) leaves.

              Photosynthetic responses to carbon dioxide concentration can provide data on a number of important parameters related to leaf physiology. Methods for fitting a model to such data are briefly described. The method will fit the following parameters: V(cmax), J, TPU, R(d) and g(m)[maximum carboxylation rate allowed by ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), rate of photosynthetic electron transport (based on NADPH requirement), triose phosphate use, day respiration and mesophyll conductance, respectively]. The method requires at least five data pairs of net CO(2) assimilation (A) and [CO(2)] in the intercellular airspaces of the leaf (C(i)) and requires users to indicate the presumed limiting factor. The output is (1) calculated CO(2) partial pressure at the sites of carboxylation, C(c), (2) values for the five parameters at the measurement temperature and (3) values adjusted to 25 degrees C to facilitate comparisons. Fitting this model is a way of exploring leaf level photosynthesis. However, interpreting leaf level photosynthesis in terms of underlying biochemistry and biophysics is subject to assumptions that hold to a greater or lesser degree, a major assumption being that all parts of the leaf are behaving in the same way at each instant.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2013
                18 September 2013
                : 8
                : 9
                : e74600
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture on Agro-environment and Climate Change, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture (IEDA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Genetic Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
                [4 ]College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
                University of North Dakota, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: EL YH. Performed the experiments: YH YF. Analyzed the data: PL JG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XH. Wrote the paper: YH.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-06148
                10.1371/journal.pone.0074600
                3776829
                24058596
                a9a9046e-0a83-478d-beec-f00ea922a41f
                Copyright @ 2013

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 February 2013
                : 3 August 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                This work was supported by The National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(No.2012 CB955904), China CDM Fund project: The impact of climate change on Chinese agriculture and eco-systems under different RCP,National Key Technology R&D Program in the 12th Five Year Plan of China (No.2013BAD11B03), the Shanxi 100-Talent programme and Shanxi Agricultural University Doctoral Scientific Research fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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