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      Forest fragmentation influences the diet of cichlids Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) and Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) (Actinopterygii: Cichliformes) in streams of the Western Amazon Translated title: A fragmentação florestal influencia a dieta dos ciclídeos, Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) e Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) (Actinopterygii: Cichliformes) em riachos da Amazônia Ocidental

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Aims To evaluate the effects of replacing riparian vegetation with pasture in the diet of Apistogramma agassizii and Aequidens tetramerus. Methods The study was carried out in the municipality of Senador Guiomar, Acre. We sampled three streams divided into three stretches each (100 m), bordered by forest, pasture, and both forest and pasture (edge). Quarterly collections using fishnets were performed between January and October 2008. Results The species A. agassizii had a diet based on the consumption of adult insects in stretches of forest, different from the pasture environment, in which the consumption of insect larvae was higher. In the diet of A. tetramerus, the most important item was insect larvae in all environments, mainly in the pasture. We found low amplitude of trophic niche for A. agassizii in the forest environment, due to the consumption of adult insects, and for A. tetramerus in the pasture, due to the consumption of insect larvae. In the pasture areas, we found no difference between the items consumed by the species, which showed a high trophic niche overlap, influenced by the consumption of Diptera larvae. Conclusion Thus, we show that allochthonous items, such as adult insects, are food resources indicative of riparian vegetation conservation and are important for both species, mainly A. agassizii. However, this item has been replaced by autochthonous items, such as Diptera larvae, in the A. agassizii diet and become predominant in the A. tetramerus diet as the riparian vegetation deteriorates.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Objetivos Avaliar os efeitos da substituição da vegetação ripária por pastagem na dieta de Apistogramma agassizii e Aequidens tetramerus. Métodos O estudo foi realizado no município de Senador Guiomar, Acre. Foram amostrados três riachos separados em dois trechos (100 metros de extensão cada), sendo um trecho margeado por floresta, borda e outro por pastagem. Foram realizadas coletas trimestrais entre janeiro e outubro de 2008, com auxílio de puçás. Resultados A espécie A. agassizii em trechos de floresta teve uma dieta baseada no consumo de insetos adultos, diferente do ambiente de pastagem, no qual o consumo de larvas de insetos foi maior. Já na dieta de A. tetramerus larvas de insetos foi o item mais importante em todos os ambientes, principalmente no de pastagem. Houve baixa amplitude de nicho trófico para A. agassizii em ambiente de floresta, devido ao consumo de insetos adultos, e para A. tetramerus na pastagem, devido ao consumo de larvas de insetos. Nas áreas de pastagem, não houve diferença nos itens consumidos pelas espécies, no qual apresentaram elevada sobreposição de nicho trófico, influenciado pelo consumo de larvas de Diptera. Conclusão Assim, evidenciamos que os itens alóctones, como insetos adultos são recursos alimentares indicadores de conservação da vegetação ripária e importantes para ambas as espécies, principalmente A. agassizii. No entanto observou-se a substituição na dieta de A. agassizii por itens autóctones, como larvas de Diptera, e o predomínio deste item na dieta de A. tetramerus conforme ocorre a degradação da vegetação ripária.

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          Most cited references45

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          The Structure of Lizard Communities

          E Pianka (1973)
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            Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species.

            Many large animal species have a high risk of extinction. This is usually thought to result simply from the way that species traits associated with vulnerability, such as low reproductive rates, scale with body size. In a broad-scale analysis of extinction risk in mammals, we find two additional patterns in the size selectivity of extinction risk. First, impacts of both intrinsic and environmental factors increase sharply above a threshold body mass around 3 kilograms. Second, whereas extinction risk in smaller species is driven by environmental factors, in larger species it is driven by a combination of environmental factors and intrinsic traits. Thus, the disadvantages of large size are greater than generally recognized, and future loss of large mammal biodiversity could be far more rapid than expected.
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              Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America.

              The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America are the most diverse on Earth, with current species richness estimates standing above 9100 species. In addition, over the last decade at least 100 species were described every year. There are currently about 5160 freshwater fish species, and the estimate for the freshwater fish fauna alone points to a final diversity between 8000 and 9000 species. South America also has c. 4000 species of marine fishes. The mega-diverse fish faunas of South America evolved over a period of >100 million years, with most lineages tracing origins to Gondwana and the adjacent Tethys Sea. This high diversity was in part maintained by escaping the mass extinctions and biotic turnovers associated with Cenozoic climate cooling, the formation of boreal and temperate zones at high latitudes and aridification in many places at equatorial latitudes. The fresh waters of the continent are divided into 13 basin complexes, large basins consolidated as a single unit plus historically connected adjacent coastal drainages, and smaller coastal basins grouped together on the basis of biogeographic criteria. Species diversity, endemism, noteworthy groups and state of knowledge of each basin complex are described. Marine habitats around South America, both coastal and oceanic, are also described in terms of fish diversity, endemism and state of knowledge. Because of extensive land use changes, hydroelectric damming, water divergence for irrigation, urbanization, sedimentation and overfishing 4-10% of all fish species in South America face some degree of extinction risk, mainly due to habitat loss and degradation. These figures suggest that the conservation status of South American freshwater fish faunas is better than in most other regions of the world, but the marine fishes are as threatened as elsewhere. Conserving the remarkable aquatic habitats and fishes of South America is a growing challenge in face of the rapid anthropogenic changes of the 21st century, and deserves attention from conservationists and policy makers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                alb
                Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
                Acta Limnol. Bras.
                Associação Brasileira de Limnologia (Rio Claro, SP, Brazil )
                2179-975X
                2020
                : 32
                : e28
                Affiliations
                [01] Cruzeiro do Sul Acre orgnameUniversidade Federal do Acre Brazil
                [02] Rio Branco Acre orgnameUniversidade Federal do Acre orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais Brazil
                Article
                S2179-975X2020000100519 S2179-975X(20)03200000519
                10.1590/s2179-975x2618
                a9aa0f92-d5fb-4fe2-b372-473abd14144b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 August 2020
                : 12 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                sobreposição alimentar,mata ripária,nicho trófico,mudança do uso do solo,food overlap,land-use change, trophic niche, riparian vegetation

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