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      Lipoprotein(a), Oxidized Phospholipids, and Aortic Valve Microcalcification Assessed by 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography

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          Abstract

          Background

          Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is the preferential lipoprotein carrier of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) and a well-established genetic risk factor for calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). Whether Lp(a) predicts aortic valve microcalcification in individuals without CAVS is unknown. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of elevated Lp(a) and OxPL levels in patients with CAVS and to determine if individuals with elevated Lp(a) but without CAVS have higher aortic valve microcalcification.

          Methods

          We recruited 214 patients with CAVS from Montreal and 174 patients with CAVS and 108 controls from Québec City, Canada. In a second group of individuals with high (≥75 nmol/L, n = 27) or low (<75 nmol/L, n = 28) Lp(a) levels, 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed to determine the difference in mean tissue-to-background ratio (TBR) of the aortic valve.

          Results

          Patients with CAVS had 62.0% higher Lp(a) (median = 28.7, interquartile range [8.2-116.6] vs 10.9 [3.6-28.8] nmol/L, P < 0.0001), 50% higher OxPL-apolipoprotein-B (2.2 [1.3-6.0] vs 1.1 [0.7-2.6] nmol/L, P < 0.0001), and 69.9% higher OxPL-apolipoprotein(a) (7.3 [1.8-28.4] vs 2.2 [0.8-8.4] nmol/L, P < 0.0001) levels compared with individuals without CAVS (all P < 0.0001). Individuals without CAVS but elevated Lp(a) had 40% higher mean TBR compared with individuals with low Lp(a) levels (mean TBR = 1.25 ± 0.23 vs 1.15 ± 0.11, P = 0.02).

          Conclusions

          Elevated Lp(a) and OxPL levels are associated with prevalent CAVS in patients studied in an echocardiography laboratory setting. In individuals with elevated Lp(a), evidence of aortic valve microcalcification by 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography is present before the development of clinically manifested CAVS.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          La lipoprotéine(a) (Lp[a]), la principale lipoprotéine assurant le transport des phospholipides oxydés (PLOx), est un facteur de risque génétique bien établi de la sténose aortique calcifiante (SAC). On ignore si la présence de Lp(a) est un facteur prédictif de la microcalcification de la valve aortique chez les individus non atteints de SAC. Notre objectif était d'estimer la prévalence de taux élevés de Lp(a) et de PLOx chez des patients atteints de SAC et de déterminer si la microcalcification de la valve aortique est plus marquée chez les individus affichant des taux élevés de Lp(a) en l'absence de SAC.

          Méthodologie

          Nous avons recruté 214 patients atteints de SAC à Montréal et 174 patients atteints de SAC et 108 patients témoins à Québec (Canada). Dans un second groupe de patients présentant des taux de Lp(a) élevés (≥ 75 nmol/l, n = 27) ou faibles (< 75 nmol/l, n = 28), une tomographie par émission de positons au fluorure de sodium marqué au 18F a été réalisée en vue de comparer la valeur moyenne du rapport signal/bruit (RSB) de la valve aortique.

          Résultats

          Les patients atteints de SAC présentaient des taux de Lp(a) plus élevés de 62,0 % (médiane = 28,7, intervalle interquartile [de 8,2 à 116,6] vs 10,9 [de 3,6 à 28,8] nmol/l, p < 0,0001), des taux de OxPL-apolipoprotéine-B plus élevés de 50 % (2,2 [de 1,3 à 6,0] vs 1,1 [de 0,7 à 2,6] nmol/l, p < 0,0001) et des taux de PLOx-apolipoprotéine(a) plus élevés de 69,9 % (7,3 [de 1,8 à 28,4] vs 2,2 [de 0,8 à 8,4] nmol/l, p < 0,0001) comparativement aux patients non atteints de SAC (toutes les valeurs p < 0,0001). Les patients non atteints de SAC mais présentant des taux élevés de Lp(a) avaient un RSB moyen supérieur de 40 % à celui des individus affichant un faible taux de Lp(a) (RSB moyen = 1,25 ± 0,23 vs 1,15 ± 0,11, p = 0,02).

          Conclusions

          Des taux élevés de Lp(a) et de PLOx sont associés à la prévalence de la SAC chez des patients étudiés par échocardiographie. Chez les individus présentant un taux élevé de Lp(a), les signes d'une microcalcification de la valve aortique, décelés par tomographie par émission de positons au fluorure de sodium marqué au 18F /tomodensitométrie sont présents avant l'apparition des manifestations cliniques de la SAC.

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          Most cited references18

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          Genetic associations with valvular calcification and aortic stenosis.

          Limited information is available regarding genetic contributions to valvular calcification, which is an important precursor of clinical valve disease. We determined genomewide associations with the presence of aortic-valve calcification (among 6942 participants) and mitral annular calcification (among 3795 participants), as detected by computed tomographic (CT) scanning; the study population for this analysis included persons of white European ancestry from three cohorts participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (discovery population). Findings were replicated in independent cohorts of persons with either CT-detected valvular calcification or clinical aortic stenosis. One SNP in the lipoprotein(a) (LPA) locus (rs10455872) reached genomewide significance for the presence of aortic-valve calcification (odds ratio per allele, 2.05; P=9.0×10(-10)), a finding that was replicated in additional white European, African-American, and Hispanic-American cohorts (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Genetically determined Lp(a) levels, as predicted by LPA genotype, were also associated with aortic-valve calcification, supporting a causal role for Lp(a). In prospective analyses, LPA genotype was associated with incident aortic stenosis (hazard ratio per allele, 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 2.15) and aortic-valve replacement (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.27) in a large Swedish cohort; the association with incident aortic stenosis was also replicated in an independent Danish cohort. Two SNPs (rs17659543 and rs13415097) near the proinflammatory gene IL1F9 achieved genomewide significance for mitral annular calcification (P=1.5×10(-8) and P=1.8×10(-8), respectively), but the findings were not replicated consistently. Genetic variation in the LPA locus, mediated by Lp(a) levels, is associated with aortic-valve calcification across multiple ethnic groups and with incident clinical aortic stenosis. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others.).
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            Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study.

            The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aortic sclerosis and stenosis in the elderly and to identify clinical factors associated with degenerative aortic valve disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that degenerative aortic valve disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging and may be associated with specific clinical factors. In 5,201 subjects > or = 65 years of age enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, the relation between aortic sclerosis or stenosis identified on echocardiography and clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis was evaluated by using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Aortic valve sclerosis was present in 26% and aortic valve stenosis in 2% of the entire study cohort; in subjects > or = 75 years of age, sclerosis was present in 37% and stenosis in 2.6%. Independent clinical factors associated with degenerative aortic valve disease included age (twofold increased risk for each 10-year increase in age), male gender (twofold excess risk), present smoking (35% increase in risk) and a history of hypertension (20% increase in risk). Other significant factors included height and high lipoprotein(a) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Clinical factors associated with aortic sclerosis and stenosis can be identified and are similar to risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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              Assessment of valvular calcification and inflammation by positron emission tomography in patients with aortic stenosis.

              The pathophysiology of aortic stenosis is incompletely understood, and the relative contributions of valvular calcification and inflammation to disease progression are unknown. Patients with aortic sclerosis and mild, moderate, and severe stenosis were compared prospectively with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Aortic valve severity was determined by echocardiography. Calcification and inflammation in the aortic valve were assessed by 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake with the use of positron emission tomography. One hundred twenty-one subjects (20 controls; 20 aortic sclerosis; 25 mild, 33 moderate, and 23 severe aortic stenosis) were administered both 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG. Quantification of tracer uptake within the valve demonstrated excellent interobserver repeatability with no fixed or proportional biases and limits of agreement of ±0.21 (18F-NaF) and ±0.13 (18F-FDG) for maximum tissue-to-background ratios. Activity of both tracers was higher in patients with aortic stenosis than in control subjects (18F-NaF: 2.87±0.82 versus 1.55±0.17; 18F-FDG: 1.58±0.21 versus 1.30±0.13; both P 1.97), and 35% had increased 18F-FDG uptake (>1.63). A weak correlation between the activities of these tracers was observed (r(2)=0.174, P<0.001). Positron emission tomography is a novel, feasible, and repeatable approach to the evaluation of valvular calcification and inflammation in patients with aortic stenosis. The frequency and magnitude of increased tracer activity correlate with disease severity and are strongest for 18F-NaF. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01358513.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                12 April 2019
                May 2019
                12 April 2019
                : 1
                : 3
                : 131-140
                Affiliations
                [a ]Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [b ]Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [c ]McGill University Health Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
                [d ]Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [e ]Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [f ]Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
                [g ]Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [h ]Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
                [i ]Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
                [j ]Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author: Dr Benoit J. Arsenault, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Y-3106, Pavillon Marguerite D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada. Tel.: +1-418-656-8711, ext. 3498. benoit.arsenault@ 123456criucpq.ulaval.ca
                [∗]

                These authors contributed equally to the content of this manuscript.

                Article
                S2589-790X(19)30021-6
                10.1016/j.cjco.2019.03.004
                7063623
                32159096
                a9afffd4-5c5e-48ef-b14e-915af58b2f47
                © 2019 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 12 March 2019
                : 14 March 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

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