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      COVID-19 challenges to Pakistan: Is GIS analysis useful to draw solutions?

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          Abstract

          The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a public health emergency that had caused disastrous results in more than 100 countries. The ability to detect disease outbreaks in the early stages is a key component of efficient disease control and prevention. With the increased availability of electronic health-care data and spatial analysis techniques, there is great potential to develop algorithms to enable more effective disease surveillance. The research focuses to develop a transparent user-friendly method to simulate the outbreak data. The paper describes the GIS tools to identify and define the field of investigation which requires consideration of the strengths and limitations of data collection instruments, facility of locational data collection, accuracy of locational data, and pertinent attributes for understanding disease risk. Using such information, it is quite easy for authorities to locate the highly effected area and take appropriate actions in that particular areas. However, GIS techniques, resources, and methods can be used in Pakistan for more effective investigation of vulnerable geographical locations.

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          Highlights

          • The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern.

          • The ability to detect disease outbreaks in their early stages is a key component of efficient disease control and prevention.

          • The research focuses to develop a transparent user-friendly method to simulate spatial-temporal disease outbreak data.

          • GIS techniques, resources, and methods can be used in Pakistan for more effective investigation of disease.

          • Using such information, it is quite easy for authorities to locate the highly effected area and take appropriate actions in that particular areas.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Journal
          Sci Total Environ
          Sci. Total Environ
          The Science of the Total Environment
          Elsevier B.V.
          0048-9697
          1879-1026
          1 May 2020
          1 May 2020
          : 139089
          Affiliations
          [a ]School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
          [b ]Finance and Economics Department, College of Business, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
          [c ]Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
          [d ]Urban Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
          Author notes
          [* ]Corresponding author at: Finance and Economics Department, College of Business, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ridawaheed.sdu@ 123456gmail.com
          Article
          S0048-9697(20)32606-1 139089
          10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139089
          7194069
          32387823
          a9d27595-b355-49ab-b0c0-0d67ff6f479a
          © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

          Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

          History
          : 19 April 2020
          : 25 April 2020
          : 27 April 2020
          Categories
          Article

          General environmental science
          covid-19,pakistan,gis,health
          General environmental science
          covid-19, pakistan, gis, health

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