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      Bioimmobilization of lead by Bacillus subtilis X3 biomass isolated from lead mine soil under promotion of multiple adsorption mechanisms

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          Abstract

          In this study, a lead-resistant bacterium, Bacillus subtilis X3, was used to prepare a lead bioadsorbent for immobilization and removal of lead in lead solution. The lead shot precipitate was analysed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorbed lead was mainly mineralized to form Pb 5(PO 4) 3OH, Pb 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2 and Pb 5(PO 4) 3Cl; however, other mechanisms that can also promote the mineralization of lead should not be ignored. For example, Na + and Ca 2+ on the cell wall surface were exchanged with Pb 2+ in solution, which confirmed that the ion-exchange process occurred before mineralization. Moreover, adsorption bridging caused by extracellular polymeric substances also accelerated the further aggregation of lead, and the biomass was encapsulated by lead gradually. Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl and amine groups were not observed in lead mineral crystals, but the complexation between lead and these groups still benefited the mineralization of lead. The valence of Pb(II) was not changed after mineralization, which indicated that the biosorption process was not a redox reaction. Finally, biosorption occurred on the outer surface of the cell, but its specific surface area was relatively small, limiting the amount and efficiency of biosorption.

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          Most cited references47

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          A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents

          Persistent heavy metal pollution poses a major threat to all life forms in the environment due to its toxic effects. These metals are very reactive at low concentrations and can accumulate in the food web, causing severe public health concerns. Remediation using conventional physical and chemical methods is uneconomical and generates large volumes of chemical waste. Bioremediation of hazardous metals has received considerable and growing interest over the years. The use of microbial biosorbents is eco-friendly and cost effective; hence, it is an efficient alternative for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. Microbes have various mechanisms of metal sequestration that hold greater metal biosorption capacities. The goal of microbial biosorption is to remove and/or recover metals and metalloids from solutions, using living or dead biomass and their components. This review discusses the sources of toxic heavy metals and describes the groups of microorganisms with biosorbent potential for heavy metal removal.
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            Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

            Discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment. Conventional treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. Biosorption of heavy metals by metabolically inactive non-living biomass of microbial or plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. Due to unique chemical composition biomass sequesters metal ions by forming metal complexes from solution and obviates the necessity to maintain special growth-supporting conditions. Biomass of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus nigricans, Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum natans, Chlorella fusca, Oscillatoria anguistissima, Bacillus firmus and Streptomyces sp. have highest metal adsorption capacities ranging from 5 to 641 mg g(-1) mainly for Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni. Biomass generated as a by-product of fermentative processes offers great potential for adopting an economical metal-recovery system. The purpose of this paper is to review the available information on various attributes of utilization of microbial and plant derived biomass and explores the possibility of exploiting them for heavy metal remediation.
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              Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review.

              A Demirbas (2008)
              Adsorption has been proved to be an excellent way to treat industrial waste effluents, offering significant advantages like the low-cost, availability, profitability, easy of operation and efficiency. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is a relatively new process that has proven very promising in the removal of contaminants from aqueous effluents. Biosorption is becoming a potential alternative to the existing technologies for the removal and/or recovery of toxic metals from wastewater. The major advantages of biosorption technology are its effectiveness in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions to very low levels and the use of inexpensive biosorbent materials. Metal adsorption and biosorption onto agricultural wastes is a rather complex process affected by several factors. Mechanisms involved in the biosorption process include chemisorption, complexation, adsorption-complexation on surface and pores, ion exchange, microprecipitation, heavy metal hydroxide condensation onto the biosurface, and surface adsorption.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                R Soc Open Sci
                R Soc Open Sci
                RSOS
                royopensci
                Royal Society Open Science
                The Royal Society
                2054-5703
                February 2019
                6 February 2019
                6 February 2019
                : 6
                : 2
                : 181701
                Affiliations
                Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
                Author notes
                Author for correspondence: Weichuan Qiao e-mail: hgqwc@ 123456njfu.edu.cn

                This article has been edited by the Royal Society of Chemistry, including the commissioning, peer review process and editorial aspects up to the point of acceptance.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-9364
                Article
                rsos181701
                10.1098/rsos.181701
                6408372
                30891281
                aa000e4f-20b0-4b27-8f96-2a3655195fd5
                © 2019 The Authors.

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 October 2018
                : 2 January 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).;
                Categories
                1002
                36
                1004
                69
                1006
                68
                Chemistry
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                February, 2019

                lead-resistant bacteria,biosorption,bioimmobilization,wastewater

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