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      adeABC efflux gene in Acinetobacter baumannii

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          Abstract

          The antimicrobial resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii is significantly high and continues to grow; it has become a global health issue, particularly in regards to carbapenem resistance . The expression of efflux pumps is one of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii by, most prevalently, adeABC of the resistance/nodulation/division family. The detection rate of adeB was the highest in clinical isolates compared to others ( adeFGH, adeIJk), although it varied among other strains. In this minireview, we explain the adeABC efflux gene in A. baumannii causing antibiotic resistance and compare adeABC with other efflux genes in order to discern the function of adeABC in A. baumannii resistance, which may help in the discovery of new antibacterial agents.

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          Most cited references46

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          Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, and Prospective Treatment Options

          Acinetobacter baumannii is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired nosocomial infections in the modern healthcare system. Due to the prevalence of infections and outbreaks caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, few antibiotics are effective for treating infections caused by this pathogen. To overcome this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. In this review, we summarize current studies on the virulence factors that contribute to A. baumannii pathogenesis, including porins, capsular polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, phospholipases, outer membrane vesicles, metal acquisition systems, and protein secretion systems. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of this organism, including acquirement of β-lactamases, up-regulation of multidrug efflux pumps, modification of aminoglycosides, permeability defects, and alteration of target sites, are also discussed. Lastly, novel prospective treatment options for infections caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii are summarized.
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            Histidine kinases and response regulator proteins in two-component signaling systems.

            Phosphotransfer-mediated signaling pathways allow cells to sense and respond to environmental stimuli. Autophosphorylating histidine protein kinases provide phosphoryl groups for response regulator proteins which, in turn, function as molecular switches that control diverse effector activities. Structural studies of proteins involved in two-component signaling systems have revealed a modular architecture with versatile conserved domains that are readily adapted to the specific needs of individual systems.
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              Efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter spp.

              Among Acinetobacter spp., A. baumannii is the most frequently implicated in nosocomial infections, in particular in intensive care units. It was initially thought that multidrug resistance (MDR) in this species was due mainly to horizontal acquisition of resistance genes. However, it has recently become obvious that increased expression of chromosomal genes for efflux systems plays a major role in MDR. Among the five superfamilies of pumps, resistance-nodulation-division (RND) systems are the most prevalent in multiply resistant A. baumannii. RND pumps typically exhibit a wide substrate range that can include antibiotics, dyes, biocides, detergents, and antiseptics. Overexpression of AdeABC, secondary to mutations in the adeRS genes encoding a two-component regulatory system, constitutes a major mechanism of multiresistance in A. baumannii. AdeIJK, intrinsic to this species, is responsible for natural resistance, but since overexpression above a certain threshold is toxic for the host, its contribution to acquired resistance is minimal. The recently described AdeFGH, probably regulated by a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, also confers multidrug resistance when overexpressed. Non-RND efflux systems, such as CraA, AmvA, AbeM, and AbeS, have also been characterized for A. baumannii, as have AdeXYZ and AdeDE for other Acinetobacter spp. Finally, acquired narrow-spectrum efflux pumps, such as the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) members TetA, TetB, CmlA, and FloR and the small multidrug resistance (SMR) member QacE in Acinetobacter spp., have been detected and are mainly encoded by mobile genetic elements.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                New Microbes New Infect
                New Microbes New Infect
                New Microbes and New Infections
                Elsevier
                2052-2975
                10 April 2019
                July 2019
                10 April 2019
                : 30
                : 100549
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
                Author notes
                [] Corresponding author. W. Xu, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao St, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China. tomxu.123@ 123456163.com
                Article
                S2052-2975(19)30045-9 100549
                10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100549
                6535689
                31193498
                aa0f3d74-3694-4a3d-ad0b-2d4a68a503b2
                © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 January 2019
                : 2 March 2019
                : 2 April 2019
                Categories
                Mini-Review

                acinetobacter baumannii,adeabc efflux gene,antibiotic resistance,efflux pumps,infection

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