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      Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and vaccination against pathogens

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          Abstract

          It is widely accepted that the immune system includes molecular and cellular components that play a role in regulating and suppressing the effector immune response in almost any process in which the immune system is involved. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are described as a heterogeneous population of myeloid origin, immature state, with a strong capacity to suppress T cells and other immune populations. Although the initial characterization of these cells was strongly associated with pathological conditions such as cancer and then with chronic and acute infections, extensive evidence supports that MDSCs are also involved in physiological/non-pathological settings, including pregnancy, neonatal period, aging, and vaccination. Vaccination is one of the greatest public health achievements and has reduced mortality and morbidity caused by many pathogens. The primary goal of prophylactic vaccination is to induce protection against a potential pathogen by mimicking, at least in a part, the events that take place during its natural interaction with the host. This strategy allows the immune system to prepare humoral and cellular effector components to cope with the real infection. This approach has been successful in developing vaccines against many pathogens. However, when the infectious agents can evade and subvert the host immune system, inducing cells with regulatory/suppressive capacity, the development of vaccines may not be straightforward. Notably, there is a long list of complex pathogens that can expand MDSCs, for which a vaccine is still not available. Moreover, vaccination against numerous bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi has also been shown to cause MDSC expansion. Increases are not due to a particular adjuvant or immunization route; indeed, numerous adjuvants and immunization routes have been reported to cause an accumulation of this immunosuppressive population. Most of the reports describe that, according to their suppressive nature, MDSCs may limit vaccine efficacy. Taking into account the accumulated evidence supporting the involvement of MDSCs in vaccination, this review aims to compile the studies that highlight the role of MDSCs during the assessment of vaccines against pathogens.

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          Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system.

          Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that expand during cancer, inflammation and infection, and that have a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses. These cells constitute a unique component of the immune system that regulates immune responses in healthy individuals and in the context of various diseases. In this Review, we discuss the origin, mechanisms of expansion and suppressive functions of MDSCs, as well as the potential to target these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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            Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards

            Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population expanded in cancer and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Here the authors identify the challenges and propose a set of minimal reporting guidelines for mouse and human MDSC.
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              Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.

              Myeloid cells developed evolutionarily as a major mechanism to protect the host. They evolved as a critical barrier against infections and are important contributors to tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, myeloid cells are largely converted to serve a new master-tumor cells. This process is epitomized by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). These cells are closely related to neutrophils and monocytes. MDSCs are not present in the steady state of healthy individuals and appear in cancer and in pathologic conditions associated with chronic inflammation or stress. These cells have emerged as an important contributor to tumor progression. Ample evidence supports a key role for MDSCs in immune suppression in cancer, as well as their prominent role in tumor angiogenesis, drug resistance, and promotion of tumor metastases. MDSCs have a fascinating biology and are implicated in limiting the effects of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, targeting these cells may represent an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 3-8. ©2016 AACR.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1994957
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1066459
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/589077
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1238138
                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                29 September 2022
                2022
                : 12
                : 1003781
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral , Santa Fe capital, Argentina
                [2] 2 Clinical Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville , Seville, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: Elisa Belluzzi, University of Padua, Italy

                Reviewed by: Santosh K. Ghosh, Case Western Reserve University, United States; Nikoleta Bizymi, University of Crete, Greece; Momir Bosiljcic, Zymeworks, United States

                *Correspondence: Gabriel Cabrera, galt132000@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Microbes and Innate Immunity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003781
                9557202
                36250061
                aa26e297-573b-4c77-a3de-ab9233eb19e9
                Copyright © 2022 Prochetto, Borgna, Jiménez-Cortegana, Sánchez-Margalet and Cabrera

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 July 2022
                : 15 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 140, Pages: 14, Words: 7240
                Funding
                Funded by: Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica , doi 10.13039/501100006668;
                Award ID: 2018-01164
                Funded by: Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica , doi 10.13039/501100006668;
                Award ID: 2019-01948
                Categories
                Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Review

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                mdscs,myeloid-derived suppressor cells,vaccine,pathogens,immunization,parasites,viruses,bacteria

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