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      Psychometric properties of the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-scale)

      research-article
      , , , ,
      BMC Psychology
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Background

          In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that the absence of mental disorder is not the same as the presence of positive mental health (PMH). With the PMH-scale we propose a short, unidimensional scale for the assessment of positive mental health. The scale consists of 9 Likert-type items.

          Methods

          The psychometric properties of the PMH-scale were tested in a series of six studies using samples from student ( n = 5406), patient ( n = 1547) and general ( n = 3204) populations. Factorial structure and measurement equivalence were tested with the measurement invariance testing. The factor models were analysed with the maximum likelihood procedure. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity was examined by Pearson correlation. Sensitivity to (therapeutic) change was examined with the t-test.

          Results

          Results confirmed unidimensionality, scalar invariance across samples and over time, high internal consistency, good retest-reliability, good convergent and discriminant validity as well as sensitivity to therapeutic change.

          Conclusions

          These findings suggest that the PMH-Scale indeed measures a single concept and allows us to compare scores over groups and over time. The PMH-scale thus is a brief and easy to interpret instrument for measuring PMH across a large variety of relevant groups.

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          Most cited references35

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          Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.

          Carol Ryff (1989)
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            • Article: not found

            Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? Investigating Axioms of the Complete State Model of Health.

            A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence (i.e., flourishing) and the absence (i.e., languishing) of mental health were proposed and applied to the Midlife in the United States study data, a nationally representative sample of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 years (N = 3,032). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesis that measures of mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social well-being) and mental illness (i.e., major depressive episode, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence) constitute separate correlated unipolar dimensions. The categorical diagnosis yielded an estimate of 18.0% flourishing and, when cross-tabulated with the mental disorders, an estimate of 16.6% with complete mental health. Completely mentally healthy adults reported the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day work cutbacks, and the healthiest psychosocial functioning (low helplessness, clear life goals, high resilience, and high intimacy). (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF).

              There is a growing consensus that mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness, but it also includes the presence of positive feelings (emotional well-being) and positive functioning in individual life (psychological well-being) and community life (social well-being). We examined the structure, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), a new self-report questionnaire for positive mental health assessment. We expected that the MHC-SF is reliable and valid, and that mental health and mental illness are 2 related but distinct continua. This article draws on data of the LISS panel of CentERdata, a representative panel for Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (N = 1,662). Results revealed high internal and moderate test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 3-factor structure in emotional, psychological, and social well-being. These subscales correlated well with corresponding aspects of well-being and functioning, showing convergent validity. CFA supported the hypothesis of 2 separate yet related factors for mental health and mental illness, showing discriminant validity. Although related to mental illness, positive mental health is a distinct indicator of mental well-being that is reliably assessed with the MHC-SF. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                justina.lukat@rub.de
                juergen.margraf@rub.de
                lutz.dreihausen@gmx.de
                w.vanderveld@bsi.ru.nl
                e.becker@psych.ru.nl
                Journal
                BMC Psychol
                BMC Psychol
                BMC Psychology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2050-7283
                10 February 2016
                10 February 2016
                2016
                : 4
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [ ]Mental Health and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany
                [ ]University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
                [ ]Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Article
                111
                10.1186/s40359-016-0111-x
                4748628
                26865173
                aa5134df-0f57-45a0-bd88-edc9c07d5f4f
                © Lukat et al. 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 March 2015
                : 1 February 2016
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

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