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      ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae

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          Abstract

          Members of the family Parvoviridae are small, resilient, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of 4–6 kb. Viruses in two subfamilies, the Parvovirinae and Densovirinae, are distinguished primarily by their respective ability to infect vertebrates (including humans) versus invertebrates. Being genetically limited, most parvoviruses require actively dividing host cells and are host and/or tissue specific. Some cause diseases, which range from subclinical to lethal. A few require co-infection with helper viruses from other families. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Parvoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/parvoviridae.

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          Parvoviruses: Small Does Not Mean Simple.

          Susan Cotmore, Peter Tattersall (2014)
          Parvoviruses are small, rugged, nonenveloped protein particles containing a linear, nonpermuted, single-stranded DNA genome of ∼5 kb. Their limited coding potential requires optimal adaptation to the environment of particular host cells, where entry is mediated by a variable program of capsid dynamics, ultimately leading to genome ejection from intact particles within the host nucleus. Genomes are amplified by a continuous unidirectional strand-displacement mechanism, a linear adaptation of rolling circle replication that relies on the repeated folding and unfolding of small hairpin telomeres to reorient the advancing fork. Progeny genomes are propelled by the viral helicase into the preformed capsid via a pore at one of its icosahedral fivefold axes. Here we explore how the fine-tuning of this unique replication system and the mechanics that regulate opening and closing of the capsid fivefold portals have evolved in different viral lineages to create a remarkably complex spectrum of phenotypes.
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            Parvovirus Family Conundrum: What Makes a Killer?

            Shweta Kailasan, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Colin Parrish (2015)
            Parvoviruses infect a wide variety of hosts, and their ancestors appear to have emerged tens to hundreds of millions of years ago and to have spread widely ever since. The diversity of parvoviruses is therefore extensive, and although they all appear to descend from a common ancestor and share common structures in their capsid and nonstructural proteins, there is often low homology at the DNA or protein level. The diversity of these viruses is also seen in the widely differing impacts they have on their hosts, which range from severe and even lethal disease to subclinical or nonpathogenic infections. In the past few years, deep sequencing of DNA samples from animals has shown just how widespread the parvoviruses are in nature, but most of the newly discovered viruses have not yet been associated with any disease. However, variants of some parvoviruses have altered their host ranges to create new epidemic or pandemic viruses. Here, we examine the properties of parvoviruses and their interactions with their hosts that are associated with these disparate pathogenic outcomes.
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              Double-faceted mechanism of parvoviral oncosuppression.

              Karsten Geletneky, Jürg Nüesch, Assia Angelova … (2015)
              The H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) exerts oncosuppressive action that has two components: oncotoxicity and immunostimulation. While many human tumor cells, including conventional drug-resistant ones, can be killed by H-1PV, some fail to support progeny virus production, necessary for infection propagation in neoplastic tissues. This limitation can be overcome through forced selection of H-1PV variants capable of enhanced multiplication and spreading in human tumor cells. In the context of further developing H-1PV for use in cancer therapy, arming it with immunostimulatory CpG motifs under conditions preserving replication and oncolysis enhances its action as an anticancer vaccine adjuvant. A first clinical study of H-1PV treatment in glioma patients has yielded evidence of intratumoral synthesis of the viral oncotoxic protein NS1 and immune cell infiltration.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Gen Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Gen. Virol
                Journal ID (hwp): jgv
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jgv
                Title: The Journal of General Virology
                Publisher: Microbiology Society
                ISSN (Print): 0022-1317
                ISSN (Electronic): 1465-2099
                Publication date (Print): March 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 January 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 January 2019
                Volume: 100
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 367-368
                Affiliations
                [ 1​ ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06520- 8035, USA
                [ 2​ ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
                [ 3​ ]Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John’s, NL A1B3X9, Canada
                [ 4​ ]National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
                [ 5​ ]Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre , Bonn D-53105, Germany
                [ 6​ ]MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
                [ 7​ ]INRA-Université de Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
                [ 8​ ]Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211, USA
                [ 9​ ]Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
                [ 10​ ]Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki , Finland
                [ 11​ ]Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
                [ 12​ ]Centre de Recherche de Microbiologie et Biotechnologie, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Laval , QC H7V 1B7, Canada
                Author notes
                *Correspondence: Susan F. Cotmore, susan.cotmore@ 123456yale.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 001212
                DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001212
                PMC ID: 6537627
                PubMed ID: 30672729
                SO-VID: aa900c23-df07-4e9b-ab39-05cf57002606
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2019
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 September 2018
                Date accepted : 13 December 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust
                Award ID: WT108418AIA
                Categories
                Subject: ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles
                Subject: Animal
                Subject: Small DNA Viruses
                Custom metadata
                OpenAccessEmbargo 0

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: parvoviridae,parvovirinae,densovirinae,taxonomy,ictv report
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: parvoviridae, parvovirinae, densovirinae, taxonomy, ictv report

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