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      The social life of the brain: Neuroscience in society

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          Abstract

          Neuroscience is viewed by a range of actors and institutions as a powerful means of creating new knowledge about our selves and societies. This article documents the shifts in expertise and identities potentially being propelled by neuroscientific research. It details the framing and effects of neuroscience within several social domains, including education and mental health, discussing some of the intellectual and professional projects it has animated therein (such as neuroethics). The analysis attends to the cultural logics by which the brain is sometimes made salient in society; simultaneously, it points towards some of parameters of the territory within which the social life of the brain plays out. Instances of societal resistance and agnosticism are discussed, which may render problematic sociological research on neuroscience in society that assumes the universal import of neuroscientific knowledge (as either an object of celebration or critique). This article concludes with reflections on how sociotechnical novelty is produced and ascribed, and the implications of this.

          Résumé

          Les neurosciences sont considérées par un grand nombre d’intervenants et d’institutions comme un moyen efficace de produire de nouvelles connaissances sur nous-mêmes et sur la société. Cet article étudie l’évolution des compétences et des identités produites par la recherche neuroscientifique. Ce texte examine quelles sont les formulations et les conséquences des neurosciences dans différents domaines sociaux, notamment dans l’éducation et la santé mentale, et analyse certains des projets intellectuels et professionnels qui y ont été menés (comme la neuroéthique). Cette étude s’intéresse aux logiques culturelles qui privilégient la place du cerveau dans la société tout en mettant en évidence quelques-uns des paramètres territoriaux dans lesquels la vie sociale du cerveau joue un rôle. Des cas de résistance de la société civile et le cas de l’agnosticisme y sont discutés à la lumière des problèmes qu’ils posent à la recherche sociologique sur les neurosciences, au sein d’une société qui assume la portée universelle des connaissances neuroscientifiques. Cette étude se termine par une réflexion sur la façon dont la nouveauté sociotechnique est produite et reconnue et sur les implications de ce processus.

          Resumen

          La neurociencia es normalmente considerada por una serie de actores e instituciones como un medio poderoso para la creación de nuevo conocimiento sobre nosotros mismos y las sociedades. Este ensayo documenta los cambios en el conocimiento y en las identidades que están potencialmente siendo propulsadas por la investigación neurocientífica. En él se detallan el encuadre y los efectos de la neurociencia en varios ámbitos sociales, incluyendo a la educación y a la salud mental, discutiendo algunos de los proyectos intelectuales y profesionales que ha animado la misma (por ejemplo, la neuroética). El análisis se ocupa de las lógicas culturales por las cuales el cerebro es por veces algo construido y por veces algo destacado en la sociedad. Al mismo tiempo, apunta hacia algunos de los parámetros del territorio en el cual la vida social del cerebro se desarrolla. Se discuten los casos de resistencia social y el agnosticismo, los cuales pueden resultar en una investigación sociológica problemática sobre neurociencia en la sociedad, por asumir la importancia universal del conocimiento neurocientífico. Este artículo concluye con algunas reflexiones sobre cómo la novedad sociotécnica se produce y es atribuida, así como sus implicaciones.

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          Most cited references62

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          Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition.

          Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studiesofemotion, personality, and social cognition have drawn much attention in recent years, with high-profile studies frequently reporting extremely high (e.g., >.8) correlations between brain activation and personality measures. We show that these correlations are higher than should be expected given the (evidently limited) reliability of both fMRI and personality measures. The high correlations are all the more puzzling because method sections rarely contain much detail about how the correlations were obtained. We surveyed authors of 55 articles that reported findings of this kind to determine a few details on how these correlations were computed. More than half acknowledged using a strategy that computes separate correlations for individual voxels and reports means of only those voxels exceeding chosen thresholds. We show how this nonindependent analysis inflates correlations while yielding reassuring-looking scattergrams. This analysis technique was used to obtain the vast majority of the implausibly high correlations in our survey sample. In addition, we argue that, in some cases, other analysis problems likely created entirely spurious correlations. We outline how the data from these studies could be reanalyzed with unbiased methods to provide accurate estimates of the correlations in question and urge authors to perform such reanalyses. The underlying problems described here appear to be common in fMRI research of many kinds-not just in studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition.
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            Drugs for Life

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              Logics of interdisciplinarity

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Curr Sociol
                Curr Sociol
                CSI
                spcsi
                Current Sociology. La Sociologie Contemporaine
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                0011-3921
                1461-7064
                May 2013
                May 2013
                : 61
                : 3
                : 322-340
                Affiliations
                [1-0011392113476464]University of Edinburgh, UK
                Author notes
                [*]Martyn Pickersgill, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK. Email: martyn.pickersgill@ 123456ed.ac.uk
                Article
                10.1177_0011392113476464
                10.1177/0011392113476464
                3835147
                24285875
                aab8a1f3-d733-441b-9bbe-4ff0aed58107
                © The Author(s) 2013

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Articles

                brain imaging,mental health,neuroethics,neuroscience,imageries cérébrales,neurosciences,neuroéthique,santé mentale

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