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      Cannabinoides en dolor neuropático: luces y sombras Translated title: Cannabinoids in neuropathic pain: lights and shadows

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivos: La inquietud sobre el grupo terapéutico cannabinoide ha ido creciendo en las últimas décadas, tanto a nivel de publicaciones como dentro de los socios de la Sociedad Española del Dolor. El interés sobre los cannabinoides en dolor neuropático (DN) es más reciente, siendo las primeras publicaciones desde el año 2001. El presente manuscrito recoge la información de la ponencia sobre DN y cannabinoides realizada para la Jornada del Grupo de Interés de Cannabinoides. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa no sistemática. El término de búsqueda fue "cannabis medicinal" Y "dolor neuropático". La base de datos utilizada fue PubMed Central sin límite de fechas, con idioma de búsqueda inglés. Se seleccionaron los artículos más destacados en las categorías: "metanálisis y revisiones sistemáticas", "revisiones de expertos" y "experiencia ajena" (experiencias en otros países, tras su aprobación). Resultados: Desde el año 2001 se han publicado 54 revisiones sistemáticas sobre cannabinoides y dolor con conclusiones contradictorias. Un análisis de las revisiones mostró una baja calidad de los propios ensayos clínicos y de las revisiones en sí. De 10 revisiones específicas sobre cannabinoides y DN, la mayoría ni definió el objetivo de dolor analizado, ni la vía de administración de los ensayos clínicos analizados, ni el tipo de agente analizado. Solo 1 cumplía criterios de alta calidad AMSTAR-2, mientras que 7 eran de calidad críticamente baja. Un metanálisis sobre la opinión de la impresión de cambio del paciente reveló un odds ratio de 2,0, (intervalo de confianza 1,37-2,94). Algunas sociedades científicas han publicado recomendaciones sobre su uso como terapias de 2ª o 3ª línea, pero con considerables precauciones y limitaciones. En la experiencia de otros países también se pueden observar datos contradictorios. En Tailandia el número de efectos secundarios aumentó significativamente, sobre todo con el aceite. En Israel disminuyó un 20 % la intensidad de dolor, y un 43 % de disminución de uso de analgésicos. La dosis equivalente de morfina (DEM) disminuyó un 42 %. La discapacidad mejoró un 19 %, y la calidad de vida otro 25 %. La ansiedad disminuyó un 40 % y la depresión otro 32 %, con una mejora en el catastrofismo del dolor del 17 %. Además, los pacientes reportaron una mejora del 33 % en las alteraciones del sueño, con un aumento de la duración del sueño del 14 %. Sin embargo, en Dinamarca los usuarios de tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) combinado con cannabidiol o THC puro usaron más dosis diaria de cualquier analgésico (incluyendo opioides), pero sí disminuyó el consumo de los medicamentos específicos para DN. Conclusiones: Las revisiones sistemáticas llegan a conclusiones divergentes sobre la eficacia. Las recomendaciones de las asociaciones científicas difieren para los medicamentos a base de cannabis y el cannabis medicinal. Esto se debe a que existen lagunas de investigación. Los médicos que decidan usar medicamentos a base de cannabis o cannabis medicinal para tratar el DN deben tener en cuenta la limitada evidencia sólida del efecto y las preocupaciones por los daños derivados.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: The concern about the cannabinoid therapeutic group has been growing in recent decades, both at the level of publications and within the members of the Spanish Pain Society. The interest in cannabinoids in neuropathic pain (NP) is more recent, with the first publications dating back to 2001. This manuscript collects information from the presentation on NP and cannabinoids given for the Cannabinoids Interest Group Conference. Material and methods: A non-systematic narrative review was carried out. The search term was "medical cannabis" AND "neuropathic pain". The database used was PubMedâ Centralâ without date limits, with English search language. The most outstanding articles were selected from the categories: "meta-analyses and systematic reviews", "expert reviews" and "experience from others" (experiences in other countries, after approval). Results: Since 2001, 54 systematic reviews on cannabinoids and pain have been published with contradictory conclusions. An analysis of the reviews showed low quality of the clinical trials and of the reviews themselves. Of 10 specific reviews on cannabinoids and NP, the majority neither defined the objective of pain analyzed, nor the route of administration of the clinical trials analyzed, nor the type of agent analyzed. Only 1 met AMSTAR-2 high quality criteria while 7 were of critically low quality. A meta-analysis on the patient's impression of change opinion revealed an odds ratio of 2.0, (confidence interval 1.37-2.94). Some scientific societies have published recommendations on their use as 2nd or 3rd line therapies, but with considerable precautions and limitations. Contradictory data can also be observed in the experience of other countries. In Thailand the number of side effects increased significantly, especially with oil. In Israel, the intensity of pain decreased by 20 %, and the use of analgesics decreased by another 43 %. Morphine Equivalent Dose (DEM) decreased by 42 %. Disability improved by 19 %, and quality of life by another 25 %. Anxiety decreased by 40 % and depression by another 32 %, with an improvement in pain catastrophism of 17 %. In addition, patients reported a 33 % improvement in sleep disturbances, with a 14 % increase in sleep duration. However, in Denmark, users of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) combined with cannabidiol, or pure THC used more daily doses of any analgesic (including opioids), but the consumption of NP-specific medications did decrease. Conclusions: Systematic reviews reach divergent conclusions about efficacy. The recommendations of the scientific associations differ for cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis. This is because there are research gaps. Physicians who decide to use cannabis-based drugs or medical cannabis to treat DN should consider the limited robust evidence of effect and concerns about resulting harms.

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          AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both

          The number of published systematic reviews of studies of healthcare interventions has increased rapidly and these are used extensively for clinical and policy decisions. Systematic reviews are subject to a range of biases and increasingly include non-randomised studies of interventions. It is important that users can distinguish high quality reviews. Many instruments have been designed to evaluate different aspects of reviews, but there are few comprehensive critical appraisal instruments. AMSTAR was developed to evaluate systematic reviews of randomised trials. In this paper, we report on the updating of AMSTAR and its adaptation to enable more detailed assessment of systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. With moves to base more decisions on real world observational evidence we believe that AMSTAR 2 will assist decision makers in the identification of high quality systematic reviews, including those based on non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions.
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            A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain.

            The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) report that no sound scientific studies support the medicinal use of cannabis. Despite this lack of scientific validation, many patients routinely use "medical marijuana," and in many cases this use is for pain related to nerve injury. We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the analgesic efficacy of smoking cannabis for neuropathic pain. Thirty-eight patients with central and peripheral neuropathic pain underwent a standardized procedure for smoking either high-dose (7%), low-dose (3.5%), or placebo cannabis. In addition to the primary outcome of pain intensity, secondary outcome measures included evoked pain using heat-pain threshold, sensitivity to light touch, psychoactive side effects, and neuropsychological performance. A mixed linear model demonstrated an analgesic response to smoking cannabis. No effect on evoked pain was seen. Psychoactive effects were minimal and well-tolerated, with some acute cognitive effects, particularly with memory, at higher doses. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that cannabis may be effective at ameliorating neuropathic pain, and may be an alternative for patients who do not respond to, or cannot tolerate, other drugs. However, the use of marijuana as medicine may be limited by its method of administration (smoking) and modest acute cognitive effects, particularly at higher doses.
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              European Pain Federation (EFIC) position paper on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for chronic pain management

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                2022
                : 29
                : suppl 1
                : 20-26
                Affiliations
                [2] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona-Campus de la Salud, IDIBELL orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge orgdiv2Departamento de Anestesia, Reanimación y Clínica del Dolor España
                [1] orgnameSociedad Española del Dolor orgdiv1Grupo de Trabajo de Dolor Neuropático Spain
                Article
                S1134-80462022000200005 S1134-8046(22)02900000005
                10.20986/resed.2022.4027/2022
                aaf52a95-46ce-4c5f-a911-c534af2dada6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

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                real-time data,quality of life,coadyuvant therapy,Revisión,datos en tiempo real,calidad de vida,Review,tratamiento coadyuvante

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