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      Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related disorders: a reappraisal of obsessive-compulsive spectrum concepts Translated title: El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y sus trastornos relacionados: una reevaluación de los conceptos del espectro obsesivocompulsivo Translated title: Trouble obsessionnel-compulsif et troubles associés: réévaluation du concept de spectre obsessionnel-compulsif

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          Abstract

          Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinical syndrome whose hallmarks are excessive, anxiety-evoking thoughts and compulsive behaviors that are generally recognized as unreasonable, but which cause significant distress and impairment. When these are the exclusive symptoms, they constitute uncomplicated OCD. OCD may also occur in the context of other neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly other anxiety and mood disorders. The question remains as to whether these combinations of disorders should be regarded as independent, cooccurring disorders or as different manifestations of an incompletely understood constellation of OCD spectrum disorders with a common etiology. Additional considerations are given here to two potential etiology-based subgroups: (i) an environmentally based group in which OCD occurs following apparent causal events such as streptococcal infections, brain injury, or atypical neuroleptic treatment; and (ii) a genomically based group in which OCD is related to chromosomal anomalies or specific genes. Considering the status of current research, the concept of OCD and OCD-related spectrum conditions seems fluid in 2010, and in need of ongoing reappraisal.

          Translated abstract

          El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) es un síndrome clínico cuyo sello distintivo son los pensamientos desmedidos que provocan ansiedad y conductas compulsivas, los cuales habitualmente no son reconocidos como razonables, pero que causan un distrés y un deterioro significativos. Cuando éstos son los síntomas exclusivos, constituyen un TOC no complicado. El TOC también puede presentarse en el contexto de otras patologías neuropsiquiátricas, principalmente en otros trastornos ansiosos y del ánimo. La pregunta que persiste es si acaso estas combinaciones de trastornos deben considerarse como cuadros independientes, trastornos que co-ocurren o como manifestaciones diferentes de una constelación parcialmente comprendida de los trastornos del espectro del TOC con una etiología común. También se entregan consideraciones adicionales para dos subgrupos según sus potenciales bases etiológicas: 1) un grupo de base ambiental en el cual el TOC ocurre a continuatión de acontecimientos aparentemente causales como las infecciones por estreptococo, el daño cerebral o el tratamiento con neurolépticos atípicos y 2) un grupo de base genómica en que el TOC se relaciona con anomalías cromosómicas o de genes específicos. Considerando el estado actual de la investigatión, parece fácil de manejar el concepto de TOC y de las condiciones del espectro relacionado con el TOC en 2010, pero requiere de una r e evaluatión permanente.

          Translated abstract

          Le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC) est un syndrome clinique caractérisé par des comportements compulsifs et des pensées excessives à type d'anxiété, généralement reconnus comme déraisonnables, causant une souffrance et un handicap significatifs. Quand ces symptômes sont les seuls, on parle de TOC non compliqué. Mais le TOC peut également survenir dans le contexte d'autres troubles neuropsychiatriques, plus couramment dans le cadre d'autres troubles anxieux ou de troubles de l'humeur. Il reste à savoir si ces troubles doivent être considérés comme indépendants, simultanés ou comme des manifestations différentes d'une constellation incomplètement comprise de troubles du spectre du TOC avec une étiologie commune. Cet article propose des réflexions supplémentaires sur deux sous-groupes éventuels d'origine étiologique: 1) un groupe d'origine environnementale dans lequel le TOC survient après des événements apparemment causaux comme une infection streptococcique, une lésion cérébrale ou un traitement neuroleptique atypique; et 2) un groupe d'origine génomique dans lequel le TOC est lié à des anomalies chromosomiques ou à des gènes spécifiques. Au stade actuel de la recherche, le concept de TOC et de trouble du spectre obsessionnel compulsif semble flou en 2010 et nécessite une réévaluation.

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          Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.

          This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking.
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            The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.

            Despite significant advances in the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), important questions remain about the disorder's public health significance, appropriate diagnostic classification, and clinical heterogeneity. These issues were explored using data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative survey of US adults. A subsample of 2073 respondents was assessed for lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV) OCD. More than one quarter of respondents reported experiencing obsessions or compulsions at some time in their lives. While conditional probability of OCD was strongly associated with the number of obsessions and compulsions reported, only small proportions of respondents met full DSM-IV criteria for lifetime (2.3%) or 12-month (1.2%) OCD. OCD is associated with substantial comorbidity, not only with anxiety and mood disorders but also with impulse-control and substance use disorders. Severity of OCD, assessed by an adapted version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, is associated with poor insight, high comorbidity, high role impairment, and high probability of seeking treatment. The high prevalence of subthreshold OCD symptoms may help explain past inconsistencies in prevalence estimates across surveys and suggests that the public health burden of OCD may be greater than its low prevalence implies. Evidence of a preponderance of early onset cases in men, high comorbidity with a wide range of disorders, and reliable associations between disorder severity and key outcomes may have implications for how OCD is classified in DSM-V.
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              Evidence-based health policy--lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
                Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2010
                : 12
                : 2
                : 131-148
                Affiliations
                Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
                Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ] To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dm30h@ 123456nih.gov
                Article
                3181955
                20623919
                ab2984e6-3609-40a9-a420-4b6585f01d1f
                Copyright: © 2010 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                State of the Art

                Neurosciences
                compulsive hoarding,comorbid disorder,anxiety,depression,tourette syndrome,compulsion,genetics,genomics,environmental influence,obsession

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