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      Ingesta nutricional en pacientes afectados de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica en una consulta ambulatoria de nutrición artificial en Portugal Translated title: Nutritional intake of patients affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in an ambulatory artificial nutrition clinic in Portugal

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una patología neurodegenerativa crónica y progresiva, que produce la muerte de las motoneuronas. Deriva en pérdida de peso, de masa muscular e incremento de deficiencias nutricionales. Existe relación entre la ingesta nutricional y la patogénesis de la ELA. El objetivo de este análisis fue describir las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas y clínicas junto con la ingesta nutricional en una muestra de pacientes portugueses afectados de ELA. Material y Métodos Se realizó una anamnesis clínica breve. El peso corporal fue evaluado siguiendo el protocolo de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) y la talla mediante el expediente clínico del paciente. Se realizó una anamnesis dietético-nutricional y un registro dietético. La ingesta nutricional se analizó con el software Nutrición y Salud® y se comparó con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia (IDR). El índice de adecuación nutricional se consideró inferior a las recomendaciones cuando fue ≤80%. Resultados Fueron analizados 13 pacientes (7 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre los 53-83 años. El 69,20% presentó ELA bulbar. Un 54% presentó normopeso. Todos los pacientes presentaron disfagia y disartria y un 84,62% constipación. En comparación a las IDR, en ambos sexos, se identificó deficiencia nutricional de fibra, vitamina D, E, B8, B9, calcio, magnesio y yodo, acompañado de un exceso nutricional de proteínas, lípidos, ácidos grasos saturados y sodio. Conclusiones El hallazgo de estas deficiencias nutricionales es relevante ya que los nutrientes involucrados influyen sobre los mecanismos patogénicos de la ELA, porque son antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios y contribuyen al normal funcionamiento de las motoneuronas. Los excesos nutricionales identificados se relacionan con estrés oxidativo, inflamación y mayor riesgo de ELA. Son necesarios más estudios en muestras de mayor tamaño para contribuir a la comprensión de la relación entre las carencias y excesos nutricionales y el riesgo de desarrollo y/o progresión de la enfermedad.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative pathology, which causes motor neuron death. It results in weight loss, loss of muscle mass and increased nutritional deficiencies. There is a link between nutritional intake and the pathogenesis of ALS. The aim of this analysis was to describe the sociodemographic, anthropometric and clinic characteristics as well as the nutritional intake in a sample of Portuguese ALS patients. Material and Methods A brief clinical history was taken. Body weight was measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and height was taken from the patient’s clinical record. A dietary-nutritional anamnesis and a dietary record were performed. Nutritional intake was analysed with the Nutrition and Health® software and compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRI). The nutritional adequacy index was consider below recommendations when it was ≤80%. Results 13 patients (7 men) aged 53-83 years were analysed. 69.20% presented bulbar ALS. 54% were normal weight. All patients had dysphagia and dysarthria and 84.62% had constipation. Compared to the DRI, in both sexes, nutritional deficiency of fiber, vitamin D, E, B8, B9, calcium, magnesium and iodine was identified, accompanied by a nutritional excess of protein, lipids, saturated fatty acids and sodium. Conclusions The finding of these nutritional deficiencies is relevant because the nutrients involved influence pathogenic mechanisms of ALS, because they are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and contribute to normal motor neuron function. Identified nutritional excesses are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and increased risk of ALS. Further research in larger sample sizes are needed to contribute to the understanding of the associations between nutritional excess and deficiencies and risk of ALS development and/or progression.

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          Most cited references48

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          Global Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Published Literature

          Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is relatively rare, yet the economic and social burden is substantial. Having accurate incidence and prevalence estimates would facilitate efficient allocation of healthcare resources. Objective: To provide a comprehensive and critical review of the epidemiological literature on ALS. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE (1995-2011) databases of population-based studies on ALS incidence and prevalence reporting quantitative data were analyzed. Data extracted included study location and time, design and data sources, case ascertainment methods and incidence and/or prevalence rates. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) were calculated, and ALS case estimates were derived using 2010 population estimates. Results: In all, 37 articles met the inclusion criteria. In Europe, the median incidence rate (/100,000 population) was 2.08 (IQR 1.47-2.43), corresponding to an estimated 15,355 (10,852-17,938) cases. Median prevalence (/100,000 population) was 5.40 (IQR 4.06-7.89), or 39,863 (29,971-58,244) prevalent cases. Conclusions: Disparity in rates among ALS incidence and prevalence studies may be due to differences in study design or true variations in population demographics such as age and geography, including environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Additional large-scale studies that use standardized case ascertainment methods are needed to more accurately assess the true global burden of ALS.
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            Sodium Intake and Hypertension

            The close relationship between hypertension and dietary sodium intake is widely recognized and supported by several studies. A reduction in dietary sodium not only decreases the blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension, but is also associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged modest reduction in salt intake induces a relevant fall in blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, irrespective of sex and ethnic group, with larger falls in systolic blood pressure for larger reductions in dietary salt. The high sodium intake and the increase in blood pressure levels are related to water retention, increase in systemic peripheral resistance, alterations in the endothelial function, changes in the structure and function of large elastic arteries, modification in sympathetic activity, and in the autonomic neuronal modulation of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we have focused on the effects of sodium intake on vascular hemodynamics and their implication in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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              B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review

              The B-vitamins comprise a group of eight water soluble vitamins that perform essential, closely inter-related roles in cellular functioning, acting as co-enzymes in a vast array of catabolic and anabolic enzymatic reactions. Their collective effects are particularly prevalent to numerous aspects of brain function, including energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis/repair, genomic and non-genomic methylation, and the synthesis of numerous neurochemicals and signaling molecules. However, human epidemiological and controlled trial investigations, and the resultant scientific commentary, have focused almost exclusively on the small sub-set of vitamins (B9/B12/B6) that are the most prominent (but not the exclusive) B-vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism. Scant regard has been paid to the other B vitamins. This review describes the closely inter-related functions of the eight B-vitamins and marshals evidence suggesting that adequate levels of all members of this group of micronutrients are essential for optimal physiological and neurological functioning. Furthermore, evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                December 2021
                : 25
                : 4
                : 353-364
                Affiliations
                [4] Lisbon orgnameH&TRC-Health and Technology Research Center Portugal
                [2] Valencia orgnameCatholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir” orgdiv1Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics Spain
                [1] Valencia orgnameCatholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir” orgdiv1Doctoral School Spain
                [5] Almada orgnameHospital Garcia de Orta orgdiv1Nutrition Service Portugal
                [7] Monte da Caparica orgnameInstituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz orgdiv1PaMNEC-Medical Pathology Group, Nutrition and Clinical Exercise, CiiEM Portugal
                [6] Almada orgnameHospital Garcia de Orta orgdiv1GENE-Artificial Feeding Team Portugal
                [3] Lisbon orgnamePolytechnic Institute of Lisbon orgdiv1Lisbon Higher School of Health Technology Portugal
                Article
                S2174-51452021000400353 S2174-5145(21)02500400353
                10.14306/renhyd.25.4.1308
                ab79265e-2cba-4cd2-9924-b8515e7d57fc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 May 2021
                : 01 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Nutritional Status,Portugal,Antioxidants,Eating,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Antioxidantes,Estado Nutricional,Ingestión de Alimentos,Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral

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