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      Estado de las actividades de Enfermería en el apoyo nutricional. Resultados de un estudio piloto multicéntrico en hospitales de América Latina Translated title: On the current state of Nursing activities in nutritional support. Results of a pilot multicenter study in Latin American hospitals

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          Abstract

          Resumen Justificación. El personal de Enfermería juega varios e importantes roles dentro de los equipos multidisciplinarios de terapia nutricional (EMTN) relacionados con la implementación, administración y supervisión de la terapia nutricional (TN). Sin embargo, no se tienen documentos sobre las prácticas corrientes de Enfermería en las TN que se administran en los países de América Latina (AL). Objetivo. Documentar el estado actual de las prácticas de Enfermería comprendidas dentro de las TN conducidas en los países AL. Diseño del estudio. Transversal, descriptivo. Locación del estudio. Cincuenta hospitales de las ciudades-capitales de 8 países de AL. La encuesta se desarrolló durante el mes de Noviembre de 2019. Métodos. Mediante una encuesta anónima distribuida sobre la plataforma Survey Monkey™ (SurveyMonkey LLC, Palo Alto, California, Estados Unidos) entre los profesionales en Enfermería en los hospitales participantes se documentó la existencia de un EMTN (u otra forma de organización hospitalaria), la dedicación exclusiva de los integrantes del mismo a la provisión de la TN, la existencia de legislaciones sobre la provisión de TN, las actividades que realiza el personal de Enfermería dentro del EMTN, la existencia de protocolos propios para la evaluación nutricional del enfermo, la administración de la TN, y la educación nutricional del enfermo y los familiares al alta hospitalaria; el monitoreo de los indicadores de calidad de la TN, el gerenciamiento del riesgo relacionado con la TN; y la formación local en temas de TN. Resultados. El 95 % de las instituciones participantes cuenta con un EMTN, pero el 55 % de los encuestados se dedica en forma exclusiva a la provisión de TN. La mitad de los encuestados conocía las legislaciones nacionales existentes sobre la TN. El 65 % de los profesionales en Enfermería se ocupa de la TN como parte de la atención de pacientes críticamente enfermos, y durante la convalecencia posquirúrgica. El 77 % de los profesionales en Enfermería conduce los esquemas hospitalarios de TN con arreglo a protocolos locales. Igualmente, el 62 % de los profesionales en Enfermería sigue protocolos locales para la educación del paciente y sus familiares al egreso hospitalario. El 52 % de los encuestados utiliza indicadores reconocidos para medir la calidad de la TN administrada. El 45 % de los hospitales participantes cuenta con protocolos para el gerenciamiento de los riesgos asociados / secundarios a la TN. Poco más de la mitad de los centros participantes ofrece actividades de formación en terapia nutricional. Menos de la mitad de los profesionales en Enfermería encuestados posee un título de posgrado en TN. Conclusiones. No todas las instituciones hospitalarias en AL cuentan con un EMTN. La participación del profesional en Enfermería en ellos no es exclusiva. Existen necesidades no satisfechas de programas de formación en TN para el personal de Enfermería. Se deben desarrollar e implementar protocolos de TN orientados a las mejores prácticas, y para el seguimiento de las actividades de Enfermería mediante indicadores reconocidos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Rationale. Nursing personnel plays several and important roles within the nutritional therapy multidisciplinary teams (NTMT) regarding implementation, management and supervision of nutritional therapy (NT). However, current Nursing practices in nutritional therapy (NT) administered in Latin American (LA) countries are not well documented. Objective. To document the current state of Nursing practices followed with NT administered in LA countries. Study design. Cross-sectional, descriptive. Study location. Fifty hospitals in the capitol-cities of eight LA countries. The survey was conducted during the month of November 2019. Methods. By means of an anonymous survey distributed through Survey Monkey™ platform (SurveyMonkey LLC, Palo Alto, California, United States) among Nursing professionals dedicated to TN in participating hospitals existence of a NTMT (or any other form of hospital organization) dedicated to NT administration, exclusive dedication of their members to NT provision, existence of legislations on NT provision, activities performed by Nursing personnel as part of the NTMT, existence of proprietary protocols for nutritional assessment of the patient, NT administration, and nutritional education of patients and relatives upon hospital discharge; and monitoring of NT quality indicators, management of risks related with NT, and local formation in NT issues were documented. Results. Ninety-five percent of participating institutions has a NTMT, but 55 % of the respondents are dedicated to NT provision in an exclusive manner. Half of the respondents knew of nationally existent legislations on NT. Sixty-five percent of the surveyed Nursing personnel delivers NT as part of the care of critically ill patients and those convalescing after surgery. Seventy-seven percent of Nursing personnel conducts hospital NT schemes according with locally-derived protocols. Likewise, 62 % of participating nurses rely on local protocols for education of patients and relatives upon discharge. Only 52 % of the respondents use recognized indicators to measure the quality of administered TN. There are protocols for managing risk associated with NT in only 45 % of participating hospitals. Barely half of the participating centers offer education activities in NT. Less than half of the surveyed nurses show a postgrad degree on NT. Conclusions. Not all the hospitals in AL have a NTMT. Participation of Nursing professionals in them is not exclusive. There are unmet needs of education programs in NT for Nursery personnel. NT protocols should be drafted and implemented in keeping with “Best Practices”, and for monitoring of Nursery activities by means of recognized indicators.

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          Most cited references43

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          CONUT: A tool for Controlling Nutritional Status. First validation in a hospital population

          Background: The serious problem of hospital undernutrition is still being underestimated, despite its impact on clinical evolution and costs. The screening methods developed so far are not useful for daily clinical practice due to their low effectiveness/cost ratio. Objective:We present an screening tool for CONtrolling NUTritional status (CONUT) that allows an automatic daily assessment of nutritional status of all inpatients that undergo routine analysis. Design: The system is based on a computer application that compiles daily all useful patient information available in hospital databases, through the internal network. It automatically assesses the nutritional status taking into account laboratory information including serum albumin, total cholesterol level and total lymphocyte count. We have studied the association between the results of the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Full Nutritional Assessment (FNA) with those from CONUT, in a sample of 53 individuals. Results: The agreement degree between CONUT and FNA as measured by kappa index is 0.669 (p = 0.003), and between CONUT and SGA is 0.488 (p = 0.034). Considering FNA as "gold standard" we obtain a sensitivity of 92.3 and a specificity of 85.0. Conclusions: CONUT seems to be an efficient tool for early detection and continuous control of hospital undernutrition, with the suitable characteristics for these screening functions.
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            Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials.

            A system for screening of nutritional risk is described. It is based on the concept that nutritional support is indicated in patients who are severely ill with increased nutritional requirements, or who are severely undernourished, or who have certain degrees of severity of disease in combination with certain degrees of undernutrition. Degrees of severity of disease and undernutrition were defined as absent, mild, moderate or severe from data sets in a selected number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and converted to a numeric score. After completion, the screening system was validated against all published RCTs known to us of nutritional support vs spontaneous intake to investigate whether the screening system could distinguish between trials with a positive outcome and trials with no effect on outcome. The total number of randomized trials identified was 128. In each trial, the group of patients was classified with respect to nutritional status and severity of disease, and it was determined whether the effect of nutritional intervention on clinical outcome was positive or absent. Among 75 studies of patients classified as being nutritionally at-risk, 43 showed a positive effect of nutritional support on clinical outcome. Among 53 studies of patients not considered to be nutritionally at-risk, 14 showed a positive effect (P=0.0006). This corresponded to a likelihood ratio (true positive/false positive) of 1.7 (95% CI: 2.3-1.2). For 71 studies of parenteral nutrition, the likelihood ratio was 1.4 (1.9-1.0), and for 56 studies of enteral or oral nutrition the likelihood ratio was 2.9 (5.9-1.4). The screening system appears to be able to distinguish between trials with a positive effect vs no effect, and it can therefore probably also identify patients who are likely to benefit from nutritional support.
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              Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients

              Nutrition screening identifies individuals who are malnourished or at risk of becoming malnourished and who may benefit from nutrition support. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, reliable and valid malnutrition screening tool that could be used at hospital admission to identify adult acute patients at risk of malnutrition. The sample population included 408 patients admitted to an Australian hospital, excluding pediatric, maternity, and psychiatric patients. The ability of various nutrition screening questions to predict subjective global assessment (SGA) were examined in contingency tables. The combination of nutrition screening questions with the highest sensitivity and specificity at predicting SGA was termed the malnutrition screening tool (MST), and consisted of two questions regarding appetite and recent unintentional weight loss. Subjects who were at risk of malnutrition according to the MST had significantly lower mean values for the objective nutrition parameters (except immunologic parameters) and longer length of stays than subjects who were not at risk of malnutrition. Therefore convergent and predictive validity of the MST was established. The interrater reliability of the malnutrition screening tool was high (93-97%). The MST is a simple, quick, valid, and reliable tool which can be used to identify patients at risk of malnutrition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 9
                : 1149-1170
                Affiliations
                [3] Ciudad Panamá orgnameFederación Latinoamericana de Terapia Nutricional orgdiv1Comité de Enfermería Panamá
                [1] Ciudad Panamá orgnameFederación Latinoamericana de Terapia Nutricional orgdiv1Comité de Enfermería Panamá
                [2] Ciudad Panamá orgnameFederación Latinoamericana de Terapia Nutricional orgdiv1Comité de Enfermería Panamá
                [4] Ciudad Panamá orgnameFederación Latinoamericana de Terapia Nutricional orgdiv1Comité de Enfermería Panamá
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000901149 S2529-850X(21)00600901149
                10.19230/jonnpr.3970
                aba7828d-51f7-4917-8840-f9c7ea27bbc0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 January 2021
                : 29 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original

                Nutritional support,Nutritional therapy,Nursery,Equipos multidisciplinarios,Latin America,Multidisciplinary teams,América Latina,Apoyo nutricional,Terapia nutricional,Enfermería

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