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      Polidocanol versus alcohol absoluto como sustancias esclerosantes en modelo experimental animal Translated title: Polidocanol versus absolute alcohol as sclerosing substances in experimental animal model

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La esclerosis se caracteriza por la destrucción celular epitelial con apoptosis, inflamación estéril, fibrosis irreversible y disminución de la masa tisular por retracción con subsecuente obliteración de la luz de los quistes y/o vasos sanguíneos. Existen diferentes sustancias esclerosantes que pueden ser utilizados. Aun así, actualmente no se han definido pautas claras en el manejo con sustancias esclerosantes. Esto puede considerarse como un tratamiento poco invasivo y efectivo. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad del polidocanol versus alcohol absoluto como sustancias esclerosantes en modelo experimental animal. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se realizó con 34 ratas, distribuidas en forma aleatoria en 3 grupos. Grupo A con 16 ratas a las cuales se les introdujo 1 ml de polidocanol intravesical. Grupo B con 16 ratas a las que se les introdujo 1 ml de alcohol absoluto intravesical. Grupo C (control) con 2 ratas sin intervención. Las 2 ratas del grupo control fueron sacrificadas con sobredosis de halotano. Igualmente las ratas de cada grupo experimental, que fueron sacrificadas en pares, escogidos al azar, a las 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas post aplicación respectivamente. Luego se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico. Se verificó la profundidad y extensión de la esclerosis y se adjudicó puntaje según escala numérica previamente diseñada. Se determinó y comparó la eficacia y seguridad de ambas sustancias dependiendo de la extensión y profundidad de la esclerosis según el tiempo de acción con regresión logística y test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Ambas sustancias mostraron similar efectividad al producir esclerosis con retracción de la pared vesical en 100% de los casos después de 24 horas de aplicación. El polidocanol mostró acción biológica progresiva encontrándose correlación entre el tiempo de acción y la profundidad de la esclerosis mediante el análisis de regresión logística con coeficiente de correlación de 0.75 e índice de probabilidad: 0.00183 (p < 0.05). El alcohol absoluto produjo esclerosis profunda inmediata, sin correlación con el tiempo de acción, con coeficiente de correlación de - 0.0465 con un índice de probabilidad de 0.864 (p > 0.05). Se estimó la seguridad de las sustancias según el hallazgo de esclerosis transmural y lesión de órganos vecinos. En ningún caso con polidocanol (0%) hubo paso transmural ni lesión de órganos vecinos mientras que en 83,33% de los casos del alcohol absoluto se presentó esclerosis transmural con lesión de órganos adyacentes en 50% de los casos (Test de Fisher’s p < 0.0001 extremadamente significativo). Ninguna de las 2 sustancias produjo lesiones de órganos a distancia. Conclusiones: Tanto el alcohol como el polidocanol son efectivos para generar esclerosis. La esclerosis con polidocanol impresiona ser segura por quedar limitada a la vejiga. La escleroterapia con alcohol no parece ser segura porque genera esclerosis transmural y lesión de órganos contiguos. La diseminación de las sustancias a través de vasos sanguíneos o linfáticos con lesiones de órganos distantes no ocurrió en ningún caso y parece improbable ya que los esclerosantes producen la oclusión de estos vasos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Sclerosis is characterized by epithelial cell destruction with apoptosis, sterile inflammation, irreversible fibrosis and decreased tissue mass by retraction with subsequent obliteration of the lumen of the cysts and / or blood vessels. There are different sclerosing substances that can be used. Even so, clear guidelines have not yet been defined in the management of sclerosing substances. This can be considered as a minimally invasive and effective treatment. Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of polidocanol versus absolute alcohol as sclerosing substances in an experimental model. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 34 rats, randomly distributed in 3 groups. Group A with 16 rats to which 1 ml of intravesical polidocanol was introduced. Group B with 16 rats to which 1 ml of intravesical absolute alcohol was introduced. Group C (control) with 2 rats without intervention. The 2 rats of the control group were sacrificed with halothane overdose. Also the rats of each experimental group, which were sacrificed in pairs, chosen at random, at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after application respectively. Then the anatomopathological study was carried out. The depth and extension of the sclerosis was verified and a score was awarded according to a previously designed numerical scale. The efficacy and safety of both substances were determined and compared depending on the extension and depth of the sclerosis according to the time of action with logistic regression and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Both substances showed similar effectiveness in producing sclerosis with retraction of the bladder wall in 100% of the cases after 24 hours of application. The polidocanol showed progressive biological action, finding a correlation between the time of action and the depth of the sclerosis by means of the logistic regression analysis with a correlation coefficient of 0.75 and a probability index of 0.00183 (p <0.05). Absolute alcohol produced immediate deep sclerosis, without correlation with the time of action, with a correlation coefficient of - 0.0465 with a probability index of 0.864 (p> 0.05). The safety of the substances was estimated according to the finding of transmural sclerosis and injury to close organs. In no case with polidocanol (0%) there was transmural passage or injury of close organs, while in 83.33% of cases of absolute alcohol, transmural sclerosis with lesion of adjacent organs occurred in 50% of the cases (Fisher’s Test p <0.0001 extremely significant). None of the 2 substances produced remote organ injuries. Conclusions: Both alcohol and polidocanol are effective in generating sclerosis. Sclerosis with polidocanol is safe because it is limited to the bladder. Sclerotherapy with alcohol does not appear to be safe because it generates transmural sclerosis and injury to contiguous organs. The dissemination of the substances through blood or lymphatic vessels with lesions of distant organs did not occur in any case and seems unlikely since the sclerosants produce the occlusion of these vessels.

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          Most cited references22

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          Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

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            Interaction of detergent sclerosants with cell membranes.

            Commonly used detergent sclerosants including sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STS) and polidocanol (POL) are clinically used to induce endovascular fibrosis and vessel occlusion. They achieve this by lysing the endothelial lining of target vessels. These agents are surface active (surfactant) molecules that interfere with cell membranes. Surfactants have a striking similarity to the phospholipid molecules of the membrane lipid bilayer. By adsorbing at the cell membrane, surfactants disrupt the normal architecture of the lipid bilayer and reduce the surface tension. The outcome of this interaction is concentration dependent. At high enough concentrations, surfactants solubilise cell membranes resulting in cell lysis. At lower concentrations, these agents can induce a procoagulant negatively charged surface on the external aspect of the cell membrane. The interaction is also influenced by the ionic charge, molecular structure, pH and the chemical nature of the diluent (e.g. saline vs. water). The ionic charge of the surfactant molecule can influence the effect on plasma proteins and the protein contents of cell membranes. STS, an anionic detergent, denatures the tertiary complex of most proteins and in particular the clinically relevant clotting factors. By contrast, POL has no effect on proteins due to its non-ionic structure. These agents therefore exhibit remarkable differences in their interaction with lipid membranes, target cells and circulating proteins with potential implications in a range of clinical applications.
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              Varicose veins of lower extremities, hemodynamics and treatment methods.

              Chronic venous insufficiency is one of the most common disorders of the vascular system, affecting approximately 50% of adults. If left untreated it can lead to a number of complications, including venous ulceration and venous thrombosis. This review paper outlines the epidemiology and ethiopathogenesis of the disease with regard to hemodynamics and microcirculation disturbances. It describes the medical treatment as well as the traditional surgical approach to varicose veins (with several modifications of this technique), and its limitations and contraindications. Furthermore, it discusses a number of new, minimally invasive treatment methods, namely thermal in form (radiofrequency ablation, endovenous laser ablation, steam ablation) and nonthermal (sclerotherapy, echosclerotherapy, Clarivein, Sapheon). For each method, there is a brief historical overview, a description of its mechanism of action, and its indications and limitations. The results of comparative studies on individual treatment methods as well as meta-analyses on this topic are briefly discussed. This paper highlights the progressive trend towards minimally invasive methods and attempts to predict the further development.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anales
                Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción)
                An. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Asunción)
                EFACIM. Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Asunción, Central, Paraguay )
                1816-8949
                August 2018
                : 51
                : 2
                : 69-78
                Affiliations
                [1] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Caracas orgdiv2Unidad de Perinatología Venezuela
                [2] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Caracas orgdiv2Unidad de Perinatología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (I.V.I.C) Venezuela
                [3] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Sección de Patología Genitourinaria del Instituto de Anatomopatológico Venezuela
                Article
                S1816-89492018000200069
                10.18004/anales/2018.051(02)69-078
                abad0521-2117-4d3d-b435-c2c3489fa2a7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 September 2018
                : 30 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                polidocanol,fetal therapy.,alcohol,Sclerotherapy,terapia fetal.,Escleroterapia

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