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      Retraction of publications: a study of biomedical journals retracting publications based on impact factor and journal category Translated title: Retractación de publicaciones: estudio de los artículos de retractación de revistas biomédicas basado en el factor de impacto y la categoría de la revista

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective To describe the biomedical journal characteristics that are associated with the retraction of papers. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. All papers retracted and indexed in PubMed from January 1st 2013 to December 31st, 2016 were included. We used nine main categories to classify retractions: aspects related with data, authors issues, plagiarism, unethical research, journal issues, review process, conflict of interest, other, and unknown. These categories were further classified as: misconduct, suspicion of misconduct, or no misconduct. Results The proportion of retraction was 2.5 per 10,000 publications. Retractions appeared in 611 journals. During the study period, retraction due to misconduct was more frequent among journals with low-impact factor. Within these retracted publications, among low-impact journals the presence of misconduct was higher with a 73% compared to 61% for the high-impact journals (p=0.001). There were differences in the percentage of retractions due to misconduct regarding the journal classification category (p<0.001). Conclusions Retraction of publications is present in both high- and low-impact factor biomedical journals, but misconduct is more frequent among the papers retracted from lower impact journals. Measures before and after publication should be taken to limit misconduct.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Describir qué características de las revistas científicas biomédicas se asocian con la retractación de artículos. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se incluyeron todos los artículos retractados e indexados en PubMed del 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2016. Las retractaciones también se clasificaron de forma más detallada: problemas con los datos o manejo de datos; aspectos de autoría; plagio; investigación no ética; aspectos relacionados con la revista; problemas con el proceso de revisión; conflicto de intereses o razones desconocidas. Posteriormente se clasificaron como mala conducta, sospecha de mala conducta o sin mala conducta. Resultados La proporción de retractaciones fue de 2,5 por cada 10.000 publicaciones. Hubo retractaciones en 611 revistas. Durante el periodo de estudio, la retractación por mala conducta fue más frecuente en revistas con bajo factor de impacto, y entre los artículos retractados, hubo más mala conducta (73%) entre las revistas de bajo factor de impacto, en comparación con las revistas con alto factor de impacto (61%) (p=0,001). También se observan diferencias en el porcentaje de retractaciones debidas a mala conducta según la categoría de clasificación del Journal Citation Report (p <0,001). Conclusiones La retractación de publicaciones está presente tanto en revistas de alto como de bajo factor de impacto, pero la retractación por mala conducta es más habitual en revistas biomédicas de bajo impacto. Deben tomarse medidas antes y después de la publicación para limitar la mala conducta científica.

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          How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data

          The frequency with which scientists fabricate and falsify data, or commit other forms of scientific misconduct is a matter of controversy. Many surveys have asked scientists directly whether they have committed or know of a colleague who committed research misconduct, but their results appeared difficult to compare and synthesize. This is the first meta-analysis of these surveys. To standardize outcomes, the number of respondents who recalled at least one incident of misconduct was calculated for each question, and the analysis was limited to behaviours that distort scientific knowledge: fabrication, falsification, “cooking” of data, etc… Survey questions on plagiarism and other forms of professional misconduct were excluded. The final sample consisted of 21 surveys that were included in the systematic review, and 18 in the meta-analysis. A pooled weighted average of 1.97% (N = 7, 95%CI: 0.86–4.45) of scientists admitted to have fabricated, falsified or modified data or results at least once –a serious form of misconduct by any standard– and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices. In surveys asking about the behaviour of colleagues, admission rates were 14.12% (N = 12, 95% CI: 9.91–19.72) for falsification, and up to 72% for other questionable research practices. Meta-regression showed that self reports surveys, surveys using the words “falsification” or “fabrication”, and mailed surveys yielded lower percentages of misconduct. When these factors were controlled for, misconduct was reported more frequently by medical/pharmacological researchers than others. Considering that these surveys ask sensitive questions and have other limitations, it appears likely that this is a conservative estimate of the true prevalence of scientific misconduct.
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            Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications.

            A detailed review of all 2,047 biomedical and life-science research articles indexed by PubMed as retracted on May 3, 2012 revealed that only 21.3% of retractions were attributable to error. In contrast, 67.4% of retractions were attributable to misconduct, including fraud or suspected fraud (43.4%), duplicate publication (14.2%), and plagiarism (9.8%). Incomplete, uninformative or misleading retraction announcements have led to a previous underestimation of the role of fraud in the ongoing retraction epidemic. The percentage of scientific articles retracted because of fraud has increased ∼10-fold since 1975. Retractions exhibit distinctive temporal and geographic patterns that may reveal underlying causes.
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              Retracted Science and the Retraction Index

              Infection and Immunity, 79(10), 3855-3859 Articles may be retracted when their findings are no longer considered trustworthy due to scientific misconduct or error, they plagiarize previously published work, or they are found to violate ethical guidelines. Using a novel measure that we call the “retraction index,” we found that the frequency of retraction varies among journals and shows a strong correlation with the journal impact factor. Although retractions are relatively rare, the retraction process is essential for correcting the literature and maintaining trust in the scientific process.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                October 2020
                : 34
                : 5
                : 430-434
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago de Compostela orgnameUniversity of Santiago de Compostela (CLINURSID) Spain
                [4] orgnameCIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Spain
                [2] Santiago de Compostela orgnameHospital of Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Internal Medicine Spain
                [3] Santiago de Compostela orgnameUniversity of Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112020000500005 S0213-9111(20)03400500005
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.05.008
                31530483
                abc4df52-2c49-43d9-8f21-9b9a6026f809

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 May 2019
                : 13 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Mala conducta científica,Peer review,Impact factor,Fraud,Sistemas de detección de plagio,Plagio,Revisión por pares,Factor de impacto,Fraude,Scientific misconduct,Plagiarism detection systems,Plagiarism

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