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      Procrastination, negative emotional symptoms, and mental well-being among college students in Saudi Arabia Translated title: Procrastinación, síntomas emocionales negativos y bienestar mental entre estudiantes universitarios en Arabia Saudita

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          Abstract

          Abstract The main aim of the current study was the examines the relationship between procrastination, Negative Emotions, and mental well-being. Participants from Saudi Arabia (n = 886; females 344, 38.8% and 542 males, 61.2%; M age = 24.33, SD = 5.68). Participants completed online questionnaires on the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). As hypothesized, males procrastinated more than females. Furthermore, single ones procrastinated more than married ones. Depending on the study assumption that procrastination and negative emotional symptoms are related to poorer mental well-being, procrastination is related to higher levels of DASS-21 and decreased well-being. These findings suggest that age, gender, depression, stress, anxiety, and Well-being were predictive of procrastination. Findings add to the psychological literature and improve a better comprehension of the complicated associations between Procrastination, Negative Emotions, and Well-Being.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre la procrastinación, las emociones negativas y el bienestar mental. Participantes de Arabia Saudita (n = 886; mujeres 344, 38.8% y 542 hombres, 61.2%; M edad = 24.33, SD = 5.68). Los participantes completaron cuestionarios en línea sobre la Escala de procrastinación irracional (IPS), las Escalas de estrés por depresión, ansiedad (DASS-21) y el Formulario corto continuo de salud mental (MHC-SF). Según la hipótesis, los hombres postergaron las cosas más que las mujeres. Además, los solteros postergaban más que los casados. Dependiendo de la hipótesis del estudio de que la procrastinación y los síntomas emocionales negativos están relacionados con un peor bienestar mental, la procrastinación está relacionada con niveles más altos de DASS-21 y una disminución del bienestar. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la edad, el género, la depresión, el estrés, la ansiedad y el bienestar eran factores predictivos de la procrastinación. Los hallazgos se suman a la literatura psicológica y mejoran una mejor comprensión de las complicadas asociaciones entre la procastinación, las emociones negativas y el bienestar.

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          The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories

          The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.
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            The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample.

            To test the construct validity of the short-form version of the Depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21), and in particular, to assess whether stress as indexed by this measure is synonymous with negative affectivity (NA) or whether it represents a related, but distinct, construct. To provide normative data for the general adult population. Cross-sectional, correlational and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The DASS-21 was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1,794). Competing models of the latent structure of the DASS-21 were evaluated using CFA. The model with optimal fit (RCFI = 0.94) had a quadripartite structure, and consisted of a general factor of psychological distress plus orthogonal specific factors of depression, anxiety, and stress. This model was a significantly better fit than a competing model that tested the possibility that the Stress scale simply measures NA. The DASS-21 subscales can validly be used to measure the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress. However, each of these subscales also taps a more general dimension of psychological distress or NA. The utility of the measure is enhanced by the provision of normative data based on a large sample.
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              The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21): further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates.

              We conducted two studies to examine the dimensions, internal consistency reliability estimates, and potential correlates of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Participants in Study 1 included 887 undergraduate students (363 men and 524 women, aged 18 to 35 years; mean [M] age = 19.46, standard deviation [SD] = 2.17) recruited from two public universities to assess the specificity of the individual DASS-21 items and to evaluate estimates of internal consistency reliability. Participants in a follow-up study (Study 2) included 410 students (168 men and 242 women, aged 18 to 47 years; M age = 19.65, SD = 2.88) recruited from the same universities to further assess factorial validity and to evaluate potential correlates of the original DASS-21 total and scale scores. Item bifactor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a general factor accounted for the greatest proportion of common variance in the DASS-21 item scores (Study 1). In Study 2, the fit statistics showed good fit for the bifactor model. In addition, the DASS-21 total scale score correlated more highly with scores on a measure of mixed depression and anxiety than with scores on the proposed specific scales of depression or anxiety. Coefficient omega estimates for the DASS-21 scale scores were good. Further investigations of the bifactor structure and psychometric properties of the DASS-21, specifically its incremental and discriminant validity, using known clinical groups are needed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                April 2022
                : 38
                : 1
                : 17-24
                Affiliations
                [1] Minia Minya orgnameMinya University orgdiv1Faculty of Arts orgdiv2Psychology Department Egypt
                [2] Makkah orgnameUmm Al-Qura University orgdiv1Education & Psychology Department Saudi Arabia
                Article
                S0212-97282022000100003 S0212-9728(22)03800100003
                10.6018/analesps.462041
                abd265b3-6baf-4fbd-9a61-f072f1ac0be6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 January 2021
                : 01 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Clinical and Health Psychology

                Bienestar,Procrastination,Negative Emotional Symptoms,DASS-21,Well-Being,Procastinación,Síntomas emocionales negativos

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