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      Procrastination and Personal Finances: Exploring the Roles of Planning and Financial Self-Efficacy

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          Abstract

          Procrastination is related to unhealthy personal financial behaviors, such as postponing retirement savings, last minute shopping, and not paying bills on time. The present paper explores factors that could explain why procrastinators demonstrate more financial problems compared to non-procrastinators. Study 1 ( N = 675) focused on planning, as both procrastination and poor financial habits are negatively related to planning. Results confirmed that procrastination was a significant predictor of personal finances, but the propensity to plan was not. Study 2 ( N = 500) explored the roles of procrastination and financial self-efficacy in two facets of financial behavior, financial impulsivity and financial planning. Results indicated that the effect of procrastination on financial behavior was fully mediated by financial self-efficacy. Hence, these results suggest that procrastination operates primarily through its self-efficacy component to impact financial behavior negatively.

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          Most cited references51

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          Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods.

          The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because the distribution of the indirect effect is normal only in special cases. Two alternatives for improving the performance of confidence limits for the indirect effect are evaluated: (a) a method based on the distribution of the product of two normal random variables, and (b) resampling methods. In Study 1, confidence limits based on the distribution of the product are more accurate than methods based on an assumed normal distribution but confidence limits are still imbalanced. Study 2 demonstrates that more accurate confidence limits are obtained using resampling methods, with the bias-corrected bootstrap the best method overall.
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            The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.

            Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-analysis of procrastination's possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations, reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking show only a weak connection. Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness, task delay, self-efficacy, and impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. These effects prove consistent with temporal motivation theory, an integrative hybrid of expectancy theory and hyperbolic discounting. Continued research into procrastination should not be delayed, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing. (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Doing It Now or Later

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                05 April 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 775
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø, Norway
                [2] 2Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Mark Hallahan, College of the Holy Cross, United States

                Reviewed by: Meirav Hen, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel; Murat Balkis, Pamukkale University, Turkey

                *Correspondence: Frode Svartdal, frode.svartdal@ 123456uit.no

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00775
                6461003
                ac43a64c-3393-4934-a551-3cccd2fcabdf
                Copyright © 2019 Gamst-Klaussen, Steel and Svartdal.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 14 December 2018
                : 21 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 10, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                procrastination,planning,financial behavior,financial self-efficacy,impulsivity

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