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      Cognition and addiction
 Translated title: Cognición y adicciones Translated title: Cognition et addiction

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          Abstract

          In this targeted review, we summarize current knowledge on substance-use disorder (SUD)-related cognitive deficits, the link between these deficits and clinical outcomes, and the cognitive training, remediation, and pharmacological approaches that have the potential to rescue cognition. We conclude that: (i) people with SUDs have moderate deficits in memory, attention, executive functions, and decision-making (including reward expectancy, valuation, and learning); (ii) deficits in higher-order executive functions and decision-making are significant predictors of relapse; (iii) cognitive training programs targeting reward-related appetitive biases, cognitive remediation strategies targeting goal-based decision-making, and pharmacotherapies targeting memory, attention, and impulsivity have potential to rescue SUD-related cognitive deficits. We suggest avenues for future research, including developing brief, clinically oriented harmonized cognitive testing suites to improve individualized prediction of treatment outcomes; computational modeling that can achieve deep phenotyping of cognitive subtypes likely to respond to different interventions; and phenotype-targeted cognitive, pharmacological, and combined interventions. We conclude with a tentative model of neuroscience-informed precision medicine.


          Translated abstract

          En este artículo de revisión, se resume el conocimiento actual acerca de los déficits cognitivos relacionados con el trastorno por uso de sustancias (TUS), el vínculo entre estos déficits y los resultados clínicos, y el entrenamiento cognitivo, la remediación y los enfoques farmacológicos potencialmente útiles para la recuperación cognitiva. Se concluye que: 1) las personas con TUS tienen déficits moderados en memoria, atención, funciones ejecutivas y en la toma de decisiones (incluidas la expectativa de recompensa, la valoración y el aprendizaje), 2) los déficits en las funciones ejecutivas superiores y en la toma de decisiones son importantes predictores de recaída, 3) los programas de entrenamiento cognitivo orientados a los sesgos en las apetencias relacionadas con la recompensa, las estrategias de remediación cognitiva dirigidas a la toma de decisiones basadas en objetivos y las farmacoterapias focalizadas en memoria, atención e impulsividad tienen el potencial de recuperar los déficits cognitivos relacionados con el TUS. Se sugieren alternativas para futuras investigaciones, incluyendo el desarrollo de secuencias de pruebas cognitivas breves, armónicas y con una orientación clínica para mejorar la predicción individual de los resultados del tratamiento; los modelos computacionales que pueden conseguir un fenotipado profundo de los subtipos cognitivos que respondan probablemente a diferentes intervenciones; y las intervenciones cognitivas y/o farmacológicas para un fenotipo específico. Se concluye con un modelo tentativo de medicina de precisión basada en la neurociencia.

          Translated abstract

          Nous résumons dans cet article ciblé les connaissances actuelles sur les troubles cognitifs liés à l’utilisation d’une substance (TUS), sur le lien entre ces troubles et les résultats cliniques, sur l’entraînement cognitif, la remédiation cognitive et les traitements pharmacologiques qui peuvent aider la cognition. Nos conclusions sont les suivantes : 1) les troubles des personnes souffrant de TUS sont modérés pour la mémoire, l’attention, les fonctions exécutives et la prise de décision (y compris l’attente de récompense, l’évaluation et l’apprentissage) ; 2) les troubles des fonctions exécutives et de prise de décision d’ordre supérieur sont des prédicteurs significatifs de rechute ; 3) les programmes d’entraînement cognitif ciblant les biais appétitifs liés à la récompense, les stratégies de remédiation cognitive ciblant la prise de décision basée sur objectif et les traitements médicamenteux ciblant la mémoire, l’attention et l’impulsivité peuvent aider les troubles cognitifs liés aux TLS. Nos propositions de recherche future sont : des séquences de tests cognitifs brèves, harmonisées et cliniquement orientées pour améliorer une prédiction individualisée des résultats thérapeutiques ; un modelage numérique pour un phénotypage profond des sous-types cognitifs susceptibles de répondre aux différentes interventions ; et des interventions cognitives ciblées sur le phénotype, pharmacologiques et associées. Nous proposons en conclusion un modèle de médecine de précision éclairé par les neurosciences.

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          Most cited references89

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          Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years On.

          A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by a transition from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug seeking and taking as well as a progression from the ventral to the dorsal striatum. Here, in the light of burgeoning, supportive evidence, we reconsider and elaborate this hypothesis, in particular the refinements in our understanding of ventral and dorsal striatal mechanisms underlying goal-directed and habitual drug seeking, the influence of drug-associated Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli on drug seeking and relapse, and evidence for impairments in top-down prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over this behavior. We further review animal and human studies that have begun to define etiological factors and individual differences in the propensity to become addicted to drugs, leading to the description of addiction endophenotypes, especially for cocaine addiction. We consider the prospect of novel treatments for addiction that promote abstinence from and relapse to drug use.
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            Widespread and sustained cognitive deficits in alcoholism: a meta-analysis.

            The cognitive repercussions of alcohol dependence are well documented. However, the literature remains somewhat ambiguous with respect to which distinct cognitive functions are more susceptible to impairment in alcoholism and to how duration of abstinence affects cognitive recovery. Some theories claim alcohol negatively affects specific cognitive functions, while others assert that deficits are more diffuse in nature. This is the first meta-analysis to examine cognition in alcohol abuse/dependence and the duration of abstinence necessary to achieve cognitive recovery. A literature search yielded 62 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction among alcoholics. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2, for the following 12 cognitive domains: intelligence quotient, verbal fluency/language, speed of processing, working memory, attention, problem solving/executive functions, inhibition/impulsivity, verbal learning, verbal memory, visual learning, visual memory and visuospatial abilities. Within these 12 domains, three effect size estimates were calculated based on abstinence duration. The three groups were partitioned into short- ( 1 year) term abstinence. Findings revealed moderate impairment across 11 cognitive domains during short-term abstinence, with moderate impairment across 10 domains during intermediate term abstinence. Small effect size estimates were found for long-term abstinence. These results suggest significant impairment across multiple cognitive functions remains stable during the first year of abstinence from alcohol. Generally, dysfunction abates by 1 year of sobriety. These findings support the diffuse brain hypothesis and suggest that cognitive dysfunction may linger for up to an average of 1 year post-detoxification from alcohol. © 2012 The Authors, Addiction Biology © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction.
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              Neuroimaging Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution in Human Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review

              The Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution (iRISA) model proposes that impaired response inhibition and salience attribution underlie drug seeking and taking. To update this model, we systematically reviewed 105 task-related neuroimaging studies (N>15/group) published since 2010. Results demonstrate specific impairments within six large-scale brain networks ( reward, habit, salience, executive, memory and self-directed network) during drug cue exposure, decision making, inhibitory control and social-emotional processing. Addicted individuals demonstrated increased recruitment of these networks during drug-related, but a blunted response during non drug-related processing, with the same networks also being implicated during resting-state. Associations with real-life drug use, relapse and therapeutic interventions and the relevance to initiation of drug use during adolescence support the clinical relevance of the results. While the salience and executive network showed impairments throughout the addiction cycle, the reward network was dysregulated at later stages of abuse. Effects were similar in alcohol, cannabis and stimulant addiction. Zilverstand et al. find that behaviors in drug addiction are closely tied to brain impairments underlying drug cue reactivity, decision making, inhibitory control and social-emotional processing. Neuroimaging biomarkers can also be used to predict initiation and progression of drug addiction.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2019
                September 2019
                : 21
                : 3
                : 281-290
                Affiliations
                Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
                Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Spain
                Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Antwerp University (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
                Author notes
                Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, (CAPRI), Antwerp University (UA), Belgium [* ] E-mail: geert.dom@ 123456uantwerpen.be
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/gdom
                6829168
                31749652
                ac5035a0-8bc5-4650-8f66-4a260dc4a303
                © 2019, AICH – Servier GroupCopyright © 2019 AICH – Servier Group. All rights reserved

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Original Article

                Neurosciences
                substance-use disorder,cognition,decision-making,treatment outcome,cognitive training,cognitive remediation,cognitive enhancer

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