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      Modelo teórico y marcos conceptuales de las lesiones por presión y otras heridas crónicas. Historia y desarrollo Translated title: Theoretical model and conceptual frameworks of pressure injuries and other chronic wounds. History and development

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El presente artículo hace un repaso histórico por los marcos conceptuales sobre las lesiones por presión y otros tipos de heridas crónicas. En esta revisión se presentan 4 de los modelos más influyentes y representativos de las últimas décadas: a) el modelo conceptual de Braden-Bergstrom, que se desarrolló en 1987 como base teórica para el desarrollo de la escala de Braden y que identifica los factores etiológicos definidos, el aumento de la presión y la disminución de la tolerancia de los tejidos; b) el modelo teórico de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, que analiza el principal marco teórico de estas lesiones crónicas, desde su origen en 2011, su difusión en 2014 y las últimas modificaciones realizadas en 2021, en las que ya se incluyen hasta 10 tipos de lesiones distintas; c) el modelo conceptual de la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, este modelo hace referencia a la más frecuente de todas las lesiones cutáneas asociadas a la humedad, la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, de la que se analizan sus dos grandes factores etiológicos, la sobrehidratación y el aumento del pH, y d) el modelo conceptual de las lesiones por compromiso vital grave, finalmente se analiza el último y más reciente de los modelos, el de las lesiones inevitables y que se dan en las personas cuya situación vital es extremadamente grave, e incluso son el anuncio de una muerte inminente, distinguiendo entre las lesiones por fracaso multiorgánico y las lesiones por vasoconstricción extrema.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT This article takes a historical review through the theoretical frameworks of pressure injuries and other chronic wounds. In this review, 4 of the most influential and representative models of the last decades are presented: a) the Braden-Bergstrom conceptual framework, developed in 1987 is presented as the theoretical basis for the development of the Braden scale and the defined etiological factors are identified: increased pressure and decreased tissue tolerance; b) the theoretical model of dependence-related skin lesions, the main theoretical model of these chronic lesions is also analyzed, from its origin in 2011, its dissemination in 2014 and the latest modifications made in 2021 in which up to ten different types of lesions are already included; c) the conceptual model of incontinence-associated dermatitis, this model analyzed refers to the most important of all moisture-associated skin lesions: incontinence-associated dermatitis, analyzing the two major etiological factors: overhydration and increased pH; and d) the conceptual model of severe life-threatening injuries, finally, the last and most recent model is analyzed, that of unavoidable injuries that occurin people whose life situation is extremely serious, and even heralds imminent death, distinguishing between multiorgan dysfunction syndrome skin injuries and skin injuries by extreme vasoconstriction.

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          Most cited references34

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          A Conceptual Schema for the Study of the Etiology of Pressure Sores

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            A New Theoretical Model for the Development of Pressure Ulcers and Other Dependence-Related Lesions

            To review the risk factors included in pressure ulcer risk assessment scales and construct a theoretical model for identifying the etiological factors of skin ulcers, excluding those of systemic origin (e.g., venous, arterial, and neuropathic).
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              Prognosis of stage I pressure ulcers and related factors.

              The prognosis of stage I pressure ulcers cannot be predicted; therefore, nursing interventions for preventing their deterioration have not been clearly established. This study describes the clinical course of stage I pressure ulcers and prospectively investigates the factors related to their deterioration. Thirty-one stage I pressure ulcers in 30 patients in a long-term care facility were studied, and morphological changes were assessed every day until the ulcers healed or deteriorated. The physiological changes were assessed by ultrasonography and thermography. Twenty ulcers healed, and 11 deteriorated. The characteristics of deterioration were as follows: (1) double erythema; (2) non blanchable erythema across the whole area determined by glass plate compression; (3) erythema away from the tip of the bony prominence; and (4) expanding erythema on the following day. We analysed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and positive likelihood ratio for the diagnostic utility of the indicators of deterioration double erythema and distance from the tip of bony prominence, which can be instantly assessed without the use of any special device. The values were 36.4%, 95.0%, 80.0%, 73.1% and 7.28, respectively. These results suggest that clinicians can predict the prognosis of stage I pressure ulcers by initial assessment and provide appropriate care based on the assessment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y Gerontológica (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                2022
                : 33
                : 2
                : 105-110
                Affiliations
                [1] Jaén Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermería Spain
                [3] Ausejo La Rioja orgnameServicio Riojano de la Salud orgdiv1Centro de Salud Ausejo España
                [4] Alicante Valencia orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia Spain
                [7] orgnameGNEAUPP España
                [2] Cádiz orgnameResidencia Geriátrica José Matía Calvo España
                [6] orgnameGNEAUPP orgdiv1Comité Director España
                [5] Jaén Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermería Spain
                Article
                S1134-928X2022000200009 S1134-928X(22)03300200009
                ac72dd99-281f-4a0d-bfca-c5beac94d333

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 January 2022
                : 27 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Helcos

                historia,heridas crónicas,lesiones por presión,marco conceptual,Modelos teóricos,history,chronic wounds,pressure injuries,conceptual framework,Theoretical models

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