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      CONTRIBUCIÓN AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS ANFIBIOS DE LA REGIÓN CENTRO-SUR DE CALDAS: PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE RANAS DE CRISTAL (ANURA: CENTROLENIDAE) PARA EL MUNICIPIO DE MANIZALES, COLOMBIA Translated title: CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF AMPHIBIANS OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL REGION OF CALDAS: FIRST RECORDS OF GLASS FROGS (ANURA: CENTROLENIDAE ) IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MANIZALES, COLOMBIA

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          Abstract

          Colombia es el país con la mayor riqueza de especies de ranas de cristal, pero existen vacíos en el conocimiento de la distribución de muchas especies. En este artículo reportamos por primera vez a Centrolene quindianum, Centrolene savagei, Nymphargus grandisonae y Nymphargus spilotus para el municipio de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia), sobre la base de especímenes colectados en la región noroccidental de este municipio, en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Central colombiana. El reporte de C. quindianum representa el primero para el departamento de Caldas, llenando un hiato distribucional entre sus localidades más cercanas.

          Translated abstract

          Colombia is the country with the largest richness in species of glass frogs, but there are gaps in the knowledge of many species distribution. In this article for the first time we report the first records of Centrolene quindianum, Centrolene savagei, Nymphargus grandisonae and Nymphargus spilotus in the municipality of Manizales, Caldas, Colombia, based on specimens collected in the northeastern region of this municipality, on the western flank of the Colombian Cordillera Central. The report of C. quindianum represents the first record for the department of Caldas, filling a distributional hiatus between its nearest locations.

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            Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes.

            Glassfrogs (family Centrolenidae) represent an exceptionally diverse group among Neotropical anurans, but their evolutionary relationships never have been assessed from a molecular perspective. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were used to develop a novel hypothesis of centrolenid phylogeny. Ingroup sampling included 100 terminals, with 78 (53%) of the named species in the family, representing most of the phenotypic diversity described for the group. Thirty-five species representing taxa traditionally associated with glassfrogs were used as outgroups. Gene sampling consisted of complete or partial sequences of three mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1) and three nuclear markers (c-myc exon 2, RAG1, POMC) for a total of approximately 4362bp. Phylogenies were estimated using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses for individual genes and combined datasets. The separate analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear datasets allowed us to clarify the relationships within glassfrogs; also, we corroborate the sister-group relationship between Allophryne ruthveni and glassfrogs. The new phylogeny differs significantly from all previous morphology-based hypotheses of relationships, and shows that hypotheses based on few traits are likely to misrepresent evolutionary history. Traits previously hypothesized as unambiguous synapomorphies are shown to be homoplastic, and all genera in the current taxonomy (Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium, Nymphargus) are found to be poly- or paraphyletic. The new topology implies a South American origin of glassfrogs and reveals allopatric speciation as the most important speciation mechanism. The phylogeny profoundly affects the traditional interpretations of glassfrog taxonomy, character evolution, and biogeography-topics that now require more extensive evaluation in future studies.
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              Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni

              Based on a molecular phylogeny, a new phylogenetic taxonomy that is compatible with both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the PhyloCode is proposed for Glassfrogs and their sister taxon, Allophryne ruthveni. The arrangement presented herein emphasizes the recognition of clades having (i) significant statistical support and congruence among phylogenetic estimation methods (i.e., parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference criteria), (ii) congruence among genetic markers, and (iii) morphological and/or behavioral distinctiveness. Also, when previously recognized groups are recovered as monophyletic or nearly monophyletic, we propose taxa that minimize the number of name changes required to make these groups monophyletic, preserving the names and contents of previous classifications (i.e., nomenclatural stability). The evolutionary proximity of Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae is recognized by combining these families into an unraked taxon, Allocentroleniae—a proposal that maintains the traditional names and species contents of Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae. We arrange centrolenid diversity in two subfamilies: Centroleninae and Hyalinobatrachinae. Within Centroleninae, the diagnosis and species content of the genera Centrolene, Cochranella, and Nymphargus are modified; Teratohyla is resurrected and modified, and Chimerella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, and Vitreorana are proposed as new genera. The other subfamily, Hyalinobatrachinae, contains the new genus Celsiella and a modified Hyalinobatrachium that fully corresponds to the former fleischmanni Group. Additionally, the genus Ikakogi is described. Ikakogi could not be assigned with confidence to either subfamily and it is placed as incertae sedis in Centrolenidae. The data at hand suggest that Ikakogi tayrona is a lineage as old as the subfamilies Hyalinobatrachinae and Centroleninae. The revised taxonomy differs markedly from previous arrangements, which were based on phenetics and few morphological characters. Most of the genera defined herein are confined to distinct biogeographic regions, highlighting the importance of geography in the speciation of Glassfrogs. The principal limitation of this proposal is that it is based on an incomplete sampling of taxa (54% of the recognized Glassfrogs). Although diagnoses are based on phenotypic traits, there are several cases (16% of all species) in which the allocation of species is ambiguous because of morphological homoplasy and the lack of molecular data. Finally, in an attempt to facilitate species identification, comparison, and generic placement, we provide photographs for most (~ 96%) of the recognized centrolenid species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bccm
                Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural
                Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. Univ. Caldas
                Universidad de Caldas. Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones y Postgrados (Manizales, Caldas, Colombia )
                0123-3068
                July 2011
                : 15
                : 1
                : 75-83
                Affiliations
                [01] Manizales orgnameUniversidad de Caldas Colombia
                [02] Manizales Caldas orgnameFundación R.A.N.A. Colombia
                Article
                S0123-30682011000100007 S0123-3068(11)01500107
                ac862288-0e0e-4529-a3d8-fce4ac1b39ed

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Zoología vertebrados

                Nymphargus spilotus,Nymphargus grandisonae,Centrolene savagei,Centrolene quindianum,distribución,Amphibia,distribution

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