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      Gryon ancinla Kozlov & Lê (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): host association, expanded distribution, redescription and a new synonymy

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          Abstract

          Background

          Gryon Haliday ( Platygastroidea : Scelionidae ) is a cosmopolitan genus of egg-parasitoid wasps primarily associated with Heteroptera .

          New information

          Gryon ancinla Kozlov & Lê is reported for the first time outside of Vietnam, in China and Cambodia, and as an egg parasitoid of the pestiferous leaf-footed bug, Acanthocoris scaber (L.). Gryon ancinla is redescribed based on recently collected specimens and compared to closely related species of Gryon in the region. Gryon clavaerus Kozlov & Lê is treated as a junior synonym and some characters found in the charon species group are discussed.

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          Most cited references21

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          MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

          We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.

            Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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              CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodivers Data J
                1
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2836
                1314-2828
                2020
                26 October 2020
                : 8
                : e47687
                Affiliations
                [1 ] State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
                [2 ] Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, United States of America Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Gainesville United States of America
                [3 ] Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Washington, DC United States of America
                [4 ] USDA-ARS-EBCL, Montpellier, France USDA-ARS-EBCL Montpellier France
                [5 ] Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, United States of America Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Gainesville, FL United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Huayan Chen ( chen.4084@ 123456buckeyemail.osu.edu ), Elijah J Talamas ( talamas.1@ 123456osu.edu ).

                Academic editor: Matthew Yoder

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5914-1682
                Article
                47687 12354
                10.3897/BDJ.8.e47687
                7606578
                acc463b1-d996-4ea0-9929-a0779c8e5037
                Huayan Chen, Elijah J Talamas, Marie-Claude Bon, Matthew R. Moore

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 October 2019
                : 08 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 11, Tables: 3, References: 21
                Categories
                Single Taxon Treatment
                Scelionidae
                Systematics
                Agriculture and Forestry
                Africa
                Asia

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