Revision of the Atratus Group of  Culex  ( Melanoconion ) (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

Background

Despite the importance of some species of Culex ( Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) as vectors of several arboviruses that cause diseases in humans and other animals, there are few taxonomic studies focusing on species of the subgenus, especially providing morphological keys for species identification.

Results

Thirteen species of the Atratus Group of Culex ( Melanoconion) were reviewed, five new species are described, and two taxonomic changes are proposed: Cx. ( Mel.) exedrus Root, 1927 and Cx. ( Mel.) loturus Dyar, 1925 are resurrected from synonymy with Cx. ( Mel.) dunni Dyar, 1918 and Cx. ( Mel.) zeteki Dyar, 1918, respectively. The Atratus Group now includes fourteen species: Cx. ( Mel.) atratus Theobald, 1901; Cx. ( Mel.) caribeanus Galindo & Blanton, 1954; Cx. ( Mel.) columnaris Sá & Hutchings n. sp.; Cx. ( Mel.) commevynensis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. ( Mel.) comptus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. ( Mel.) dunni; Cx. ( Mel.) ensiformis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. ( Mel.) exedrus; Cx. ( Mel.) longisetosus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. ( Mel.) longistylus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. ( Mel.) loturus; Cx. ( Mel.) spinifer Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. ( Mel.) trigeminatus Clastrier, 1970; and Cx. ( Mel.) zeteki. Keys, descriptions and illustrations for the identification of the male, female, pupal and fourth-instar larval stages of each species are provided. The treatment of each species includes a complete synonymy, descriptions of available life stages, a taxonomic discussion, updated bionomics and geographical distribution, and a list of material examined.

Conclusions

The taxonomy of the Atratus Group of Culex ( Melanoconion) is updated, including descriptions of five new species. The number of valid species is greater than the number recognized in the previous taxonomic study of the group, increasing from seven to 14 species. Distributional and bionomical data are updated. Morphology-based identification keys for females, males, fourth-instar larvae and pupae provided in this study will facilitate species identification.

Related collections

Most cited references 62

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Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research.

Ralph Harbach (2015)

The internal classification of the cosmopolitan and medically important genus Culex is thoroughly reviewed and updated to reflect the multitude of taxonomic changes and concepts which have been published since the classification was last compiled by Edwards in 1932. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analyzing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 768 formally recognized species divided among 26 subgenera. Many of the subgenera are subdivided hierarchically into nested informal groups of morphologically similar species that are believed to represent monophyletic lineages based on morphological similarity. The informal groupings proposed by researchers include Sections, Series, Groups, Lines, Subgroups and Complexes, which are unlikely to be phylogenetically equivalent categories among the various subgenera. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.

Michael R. Sardelis, J P Kondig, H. Guzman … (2005)

As part of a comprehensive study on the ecology of arthropod-borne viruses in the Amazon Basin region of Peru, we assayed 539,694 mosquitoes captured in Loreto Department, Peru, for arboviruses. Mosquitoes were captured either by dry ice-baited miniature light traps or with aspirators while mosquitoes were landing on human collectors, identified to species, and later tested on Vero cells for virus. In total, 164 virus isolations were made and included members of the Alphavirus (eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Trocara, Una, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses), Flavivirus (Ilheus and St. Louis encephalitis), and Orthobunyavirus (Caraparu, Itaqui, Mirim, Murutucu, and Wyeomyia viruses) genera. In addition, several viruses distinct from the above-mentioned genera were identified to the serogroup level. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was associated primarily with Culex pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, whereas Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus was associated primarily with Culex gnomatos Sallum, Huchings & Ferreira. Most isolations of Ilheus virus were made from Psorophora ferox (Von Humboldt). Although species of the Culex subgenus Melanoconion accounted for only 45% of the mosquitoes collected, 85% of the virus isolations were made from this subgenus. Knowledge of the viruses that are being transmitted in the Amazon Basin region of Peru will enable the development of more effective diagnostic assays, more efficient and rapid diagnoses of clinical illnesses caused by these pathogens, risk analysis for military/civilian operations, and development of potential disease control measures.

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Revision of the Spissipes Section of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera:Culicidae).

O Forattini, Juliana M F Sallum (1996)

Twenty-two species in the Spissipes Section of Culex (Melanoconion) are recognized and two taxonomic changes are made: Culex alvarezi Sutil Oramas, Pulido Florenzano and Amarista Meneses is synonymized with Culex spissipes (Theobald), and Culex nicaroensis Duret has been determined not to belong to the subgenus Melanoconion and is here treated as a member of the genus Culex without subgeneric assignment. Descriptions of adult female and male, female cibarium, and genitalia of both sexes are provided. Eight groups and three subgroups are characterized. Available data on distribution and bionomics of each species are given. Maps showing the entire known range of the species are given. Keys for species identification based or morphological characters of adults and male genitalia are provided.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ivy Luizi Rodrigues de Sá: ivyluizi@usp.br

Rosa Sá Gomes Hutchings: rsghutch@inpa.gov.br

Roger William Hutchings: rwhutch@inpa.gov.br

Maria Anice Mureb Sallum: masallum@usp.br

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 27 May 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 27 May 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 269

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, , Universidade de São Paulo, ; Av. Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil

[2 ]GRID grid.419220.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0427 0577, Laboratório de Bionomia e Sistemática de Culicidae, , Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, ; Av. André Araújo 2.936, Manaus, AM 69067-375 Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: 3982

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3982-x

PMC ID: 7251747

PubMed ID: 32460878

SO-VID: accf4822-dd90-443b-b5ae-53e1c9f2fd37

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 21 December 2018

Date accepted : 18 February 2020

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;

Award ID: 2014/26229-7

Award ID: 2015/05109-6

Award ID: 2016/25604-4

Award Recipient : Ivy Luizi Rodrigues de Sá Maria Anice Mureb Sallum

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;

Award ID: 301877/2016-5

Award ID: PRONEX 1437/2007

Award ID: BIONORTE 407627/2013–8

Award Recipient : Roger William Hutchings Maria Anice Mureb Sallum

Funded by: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (BR)

Award ID: BRA/00/008

Award Recipient : Roger William Hutchings

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: taxonomy,revision,identification keys,morphology,illustrations,distribution,new species,culicini

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: taxonomy, revision, identification keys, morphology, illustrations, distribution, new species, culicini

Revision of the Atratus Group of Culex ( Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens

Most cited references 62

Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research.

Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.

Revision of the Spissipes Section of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera:Culicidae).

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