Landscape of new drugs and targets in inflammatory bowel disease

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Abstract

Although the therapeutic armamentarium of Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) physicians has expanded rapidly in recent years, a proportion of patients remain with a suboptimal response to medical treatment due to primary no response, loss of response or intolerance to currently available drugs. Our growing knowledges of IBD pathophysiology has led to the development of a multitude of new therapies over time, which may, 1 day, be able to address this unmet medical need. This review aims to provide physicians an update of emerging therapies in IBD by focusing on drugs currently in phase 3 clinical trials. Among the most promising molecules are anti‐IL‐23, JAK‐inhibitors, anti‐integrins and S1P modulators. While the results in terms of efficacy and safety are fairly clear for some classes, the question of safety remains more uncertain for other classes. Molecules at a more preliminary stage of development (phase 1 and 2), one of which may 1 day offer an optimal benefit‐risk ratio, will also be presented as well as their respective mechanisms of action.

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Most cited references 194

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Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1.

Mehrdad Matloubian, Charles G. Lo, Guy Cinamon … (2004)

Adaptive immunity depends on T-cell exit from the thymus and T and B cells travelling between secondary lymphoid organs to survey for antigens. After activation in lymphoid organs, T cells must again return to circulation to reach sites of infection; however, the mechanisms regulating lymphoid organ exit are unknown. An immunosuppressant drug, FTY720, inhibits lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs, and phosphorylated FTY720 binds and activates four of the five known sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. However, the role of S1P receptors in normal immune cell trafficking is unclear. Here we show that in mice whose haematopoietic cells lack a single S1P receptor (S1P1; also known as Edg1) there are no T cells in the periphery because mature T cells are unable to exit the thymus. Although B cells are present in peripheral lymphoid organs, they are severely deficient in blood and lymph. Adoptive cell transfer experiments establish an intrinsic requirement for S1P1 in T and B cells for lymphoid organ egress. Furthermore, S1P1-dependent chemotactic responsiveness is strongly upregulated in T-cell development before exit from the thymus, whereas S1P1 is downregulated during peripheral lymphocyte activation, and this is associated with retention in lymphoid organs. We find that FTY720 treatment downregulates S1P1, creating a temporary pharmacological S1P1-null state in lymphocytes, providing an explanation for the mechanism of FTY720-induced lymphocyte sequestration. These findings establish that S1P1 is essential for lymphocyte recirculation and that it regulates egress from both thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs.

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Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis

William J Sandborn, Chinyu Su, Bruce Sands … (2017)

Tofacitinib, an oral, small-molecule Janus kinase inhibitor, was shown to have potential efficacy as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial. We further evaluated the efficacy of tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy.

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Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.

Brian Feagan, Paul Rutgeerts, Bruce Sands … (2013)

Gut-selective blockade of lymphocyte trafficking by vedolizumab may constitute effective treatment for ulcerative colitis. We conducted two integrated randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of vedolizumab in patients with active disease. In the trial of induction therapy, 374 patients (cohort 1) received vedolizumab (at a dose of 300 mg) or placebo intravenously at weeks 0 and 2, and 521 patients (cohort 2) received open-label vedolizumab at weeks 0 and 2, with disease evaluation at week 6. In the trial of maintenance therapy, patients in either cohort who had a response to vedolizumab at week 6 were randomly assigned to continue receiving vedolizumab every 8 or 4 weeks or to switch to placebo for up to 52 weeks. A response was defined as a reduction in the Mayo Clinic score (range, 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating more active disease) of at least 3 points and a decrease of at least 30% from baseline, with an accompanying decrease in the rectal bleeding subscore of at least 1 point or an absolute rectal bleeding subscore of 0 or 1. Response rates at week 6 were 47.1% and 25.5% among patients in the vedolizumab group and placebo group, respectively (difference with adjustment for stratification factors, 21.7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.6 to 31.7; P 1), as compared with 15.9% of patients who switched to placebo (adjusted difference, 26.1 percentage points for vedolizumab every 8 weeks vs. placebo [95% CI, 14.9 to 37.2; P<0.001] and 29.1 percentage points for vedolizumab every 4 weeks vs. placebo [95% CI, 17.9 to 40.4; P<0.001]). The frequency of adverse events was similar in the vedolizumab and placebo groups. Vedolizumab was more effective than placebo as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. (Funded by Millennium Pharmaceuticals; GEMINI 1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00783718.).

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Author and article information

Contributors

Laurent Peyrin‐Biroulet:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-6618

peyrinbiroulet@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): United European Gastroenterol J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): United European Gastroenterol J

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2050-6414

Journal ID (publisher-id): UEG2

Title: United European Gastroenterology Journal

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 2050-6406

ISSN (Electronic): 2050-6414

Publication date (Electronic): 16 September 2022

Publication date Collection: December 2022

Volume: 10

Issue: 10 , Changing Paradigms in Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( doiID: 10.1002/ueg2.v10.10 )

Pages: 1129-1166

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Hepato‐Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology University Hospital CHU of Liège Liège Belgium

[ ² ] Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy

[ ³ ] Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy

[ ⁴ ] Université de Lorraine CNRS Laboratoire IMoPA Nancy France

[ ⁵ ] Department of Gastroenterology University of Lorraine CHRU‐Nancy Nancy France

[ ⁶ ] University of Lorraine Inserm, NGERE Nancy France

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Laurent Peyrin‐Biroulet, Department of Gastroenterology and NGERE (INSERM U1256), Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine1 Allée du Morvan, Vandœuvre‐lès‐Nancy, France.

Email: peyrinbiroulet@ 123456gmail.com

Author information

Sophie Vieujean https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-7146

Ferdinando D’Amico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-6995

Laurent Peyrin‐Biroulet https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-6618

Article

Publisher ID: UEG212305

DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12305

PMC ID: 9752289

PubMed ID: 36112543

SO-VID: acdb9b3a-3813-405b-9f13-96b70b7cbb07

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

History

Date received : 13 July 2022

Date accepted : 22 August 2022

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 38, Words: 18346

Funding

Funded by: Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique ‐ FNRS , doi 10.13039/501100002661;

Award ID: 40001034

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date December 2022

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.2 mode:remove_FC converted:15.12.2022

Keywords: clinical trials,inflammatory bowel disease,new drugs,phase 1,phase 2,phase 3

Data availability:

Keywords: clinical trials, inflammatory bowel disease, new drugs, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3

Landscape of new drugs and targets in inflammatory bowel disease

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Karger: Gastroenterology

Most cited references 194

Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1.

Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis

Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.

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