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      The use of a sphygmomanometer to measure shoulder isometric strength: a validity and reliability study Translated title: O uso do esfigmomanômetro para mensurar força isométrica do ombro: um estudo de validade e confiabilidade

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: A sphygmomanometer is an instrument commonly used to measure blood pressure that can potentially be used to objectively assess shoulder isometric muscle strength. Objective: To establish the criterion validity and the intra-rater reliability of the sphygmomanometer for the assessment of shoulder isometric muscular strength compared to the handheld dynamometer. To determine if there is a statistically significant difference for shoulder strength between dominant and non-dominant sides. Methods: A test-retest study design was developed, where a rater assessed shoulder flexion and abduction isometric strength of 13 healthy university students, using a commercially available sphygmomanometer and a handheld dynamometer. Results: The criterion validity of the sphygmomanometer was found to be good for both right and left shoulder flexion and abduction strength assessment (Pearson’s r = 0.90-0.97). The intra-rater reliability of the sphygmomanometer was calculated to be good for both right and left flexion and abduction (ICC = 0.96-0.99). The handheld dynamometer also showed good intra-rater reliability for each of the strength measures assessed (ICC = 0.94-0.98). Significant differences (p < 0.01) were identified between dominant and non-dominant sides for shoulder strength. Conclusion: A sphygmomanometer is a simple and easily accessible tool that provides clinicians with accurate objective values for isometric shoulder strength assessment.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução: O esfigmomanômetro é um instrumento usado para mensurar pressão arterial que pode potencialmente ser utilizado para avaliação objetiva da força muscular isométrica do ombro. Objetivo: Estabelecer critérios de validade e confiabilidade intra-avaliador do esfigmomanômetro em relação ao dinamômetro manual para avaliação da força muscular isométrica do ombro. Determinar se há diferença estatisticamente significante entre a força do ombro entre o lado dominante e não dominante. Métodos: Um estudo de confiabilidade teste reteste foi desenvolvido onde um avaliador mensurou a força isométrica de flexão e abdução do ombro de 13 universitários saudáveis utilizando um esfigmomanômetro comercialmente disponível e um dinamômetro manual. Resultados: Como critério de validade, o esfigmomanômetro mostrou-se adequado para avaliação da força isométrica de flexão e abdução de ombro tanto do lado direito como do lado esquerdo (r de Pearson = 0,90-0,97). Quanto à confiabilidade intra-avaliador, o esfigmomanômetro apresentou boa confiabilidade para flexão e abdução em ambos os lados (CCI = 0,96-0,99) e o dinamômetro manual também apresentou boa confiabilidade para todas as medidas (CCI = 0,94-0,98). Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre o lado dominante e não dominante para força de ombro (p < 0,01). Conclusão: O esfigmomanômetro é uma ferramenta simples e acessível que fornece a clínicos medidas objetivas com acurácia da avaliação da força isométrica do ombro.

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          Randomization and allocation concealment: a practical guide for researchers.

          Although the randomized controlled trial is the most important tool currently available to objectively assess the impact of new treatments, the act of randomization itself is often poorly conducted and incompletely reported. The primary purpose of randomizing patients into treatment arms is to prevent researchers, clinicians, and patients from predicting, and thus influencing, which patients will receive which treatments. This important source of bias can be eliminated by concealing the upcoming allocation sequence from researchers and participants. Although there are many approaches to randomization that are known to effectively conceal the randomization sequence, the use of sequentially numbered, opaque sealed envelopes (SNOSE) is both cheap and effective. The purpose of this tutorial is to describe a step-by-step process for the preparation of SNOSE. We will outline how to prepare SNOSE to preserve allocation concealment in a trial that (a) uses unrestricted (simple) randomization, (b) stratifies randomization on one factor, (c) uses permuted blocks and, and (d) is conducted at more than 1 study site.
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            The reliability and validity of handheld dynamometry for the measurement of lower-extremity muscle strength in older adults.

            Lower-extremity muscle strength is important in predicting fall risk in older adults. Handheld dynamometry (HHD) is a tool used to measure isometric muscle strength in the older adult, but few studies have evaluated the utility of HHD for muscle groups beyond knee extension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of HHD at the hip, knee, and ankle and to compare HHD strength values to other isometric dynamometry (ID) and to balance and recovery in older adults. This was a repeated measures study design of 18 men and women, age 65 to 92 years of age, who had HHD strength testing 3 to 7 days apart by the same examiner and repeat testing on the same day using 2 independent examiners. ID strength, balance, step length, and reaction time were measured once. HHD demonstrated good intrarater and interrater reliability for isometric strength at the hip and knee but was not a reliable measure for ankle strength. The HHD was a valid measure of isometric strength at the hip and knee, demonstrating moderate to high correlation values when compared to ID strength measures (r = 0.57-0.86; p < 0.05). Hip and knee strength was positively associated to step length and reaction time but not to balance (r = 0.40-0.71; p < 0.05). In conclusion, HHD is a reliable and valid assessment tool for measuring strength at the hip and knee in older adults, and greater strength in these muscles is associated with longer step length and decreased reaction time, which are important components of balance recovery in older adults. HHD can be used as an effective strength measurement tool for the older adult population.
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              Mobility impairment, muscle imbalance, muscle weakness, scapular asymmetry and shoulder injury in elite volleyball athletes.

              The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between shoulder mobility, rotator muscles' strength and scapular symmetry, and shoulder injuries and/or pain in elite volleyball athletes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                fm
                Fisioterapia em Movimento
                Fisioter. mov.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Curitiba, PR, Brazil )
                1980-5918
                September 2017
                : 30
                : 3
                : 587-593
                Affiliations
                [1] Melbourne Victoria orgnameLa Trobe University Australia
                [3] São Carlos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Carlos Brazil
                [2] Bendigo Victoria orgnameLa Trobe University Australia
                Article
                S0103-51502017000300587
                10.1590/1980-5918.030.003.ao17
                acdbedfb-be33-48c3-82a2-4494294e9561

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 March 2017
                : 03 February 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Validade dos Testes,Reprodutibilidade dos Testes,Força Muscular,Shoulder,Validity of Tests,Reproducibility of Results,Muscle Strength,Ombro

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