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      Seasonal Dynamics, Record of Ticks Infesting Humans, Wild and Domestic Animals and Molecular Phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Although ticks prevalent in various agro-systems of Pakistan are associated with economic losses, information is still missing about the tick’s diversity, hosts they infest, seasonal dynamics and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. This study for the first time enlisted ticks infesting diverse hosts including humans in various regions of KP. A total of 8,641 ticks were collected across the northern, southern and central regions of KP and were morpho-taxonomically categorized into six genera comprising 17 species, R. microplus ( n = 3,584, 42%), Hyalomma anatolicum ( n = 2,253, 27%) , Argas persicus ( n = 1,342, 16%), Hya. impeltatum ( n = 586, 7%) , R. turanicus ( n = 161, 2%), R. haemaphysaloides ( n = 142, 2%), R. annulatus ( n = 132, 2%), Hae. montgomeryi ( n = 123, 1.4%), Hya. marginatum ( n = 110, 1.3%), R. sanguineus ( n = 34, 0.4%), and Hae. longicornis ( n = 31, 0.4%). Ticks infesting wild animals included Amblyomma gervaisi, Amb. exornatum, Amb. latum, Dermacentor marginatus, and Hae. indica, while ticks collected from humans included R. microplus, R. annulatus, Hya. anatolicum, Hya. marginatum, and Hae. punctata. The overall prevalence of ticks infesting domestic animals was 69.4% (536/772). Among animal hosts, cattle were found highly infested (87.2%, 157/180) followed by buffalos (79%, 91/114), domestic fowls (74.7%, 112/150), goats (68.3%, 82/120), dogs (66.7%, 32/48), horses (61.3%, 49/80), and sheep (16.3%, 13/80). Analysis revealed that the tick burden significantly differed among domestic animals and was found to be high in cattle, followed by buffalos, goats, sheep, domestic fowl, dogs, and horses. Seasonal patterns of ticks distribution showed highest prevalance in July, August, and September due to the prevailing high temperature and humidity during these months. The phylogenetic analysis of cattle tick R. microplus based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, revealed that R. microplus prevalent in this region belongs to clade C which include ticks originating from Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India. Further large scale studies across the country are necessary to explore the molecular and cross breeding aspects at the geographical overlapping of various tick species and their associated pathogens to facilitate designing control strategies as well as awareness against tick infestation in the region.

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          S Altschul (1990)
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            Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat.

            Ticks are currently considered to be second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human infectious diseases in the world. Each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine the geographic distribution of the ticks and, consequently, the risk areas for tickborne diseases. This is particularly the case when ticks are vectors and reservoirs of the pathogens. Since the identification of Borrelia burgdorferi as the agent of Lyme disease in 1982, 15 ixodid-borne bacterial pathogens have been described throughout the world, including 8 rickettsiae, 3 ehrlichiae, and 4 species of the Borrelia burgdorferi complex. This article reviews and illustrate various aspects of the biology of ticks and the tickborne bacterial diseases (rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, Lyme disease, relapsing fever borrelioses, tularemia, Q fever), particularly those regarded as emerging diseases. Methods are described for the detection and isolation of bacteria from ticks and advice is given on how tick bites may be prevented and how clinicians should deal with patients who have been bitten by ticks.
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              Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases.

              N G Gratz (1998)
              Over the last four decades, a number of arthropod-borne infections have been recognized for the first time. Some have become of considerable public health importance, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and others are spreading geographically and their incidence is increasing. There has been an important recrudescence of several long-known vector-borne diseases. Malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue, and plague have resurged in numerous foci, in some cases where they were thought to be under effective control. In most instances, the appearance of new diseases and syndromes and the resurgence of old can be associated with ecological changes that have favored increased vector densities. Dam construction, irrigation and other development projects, urbanization, and deforestation have all resulted in changes in vector population densities that appear to have enabled the emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of old diseases. Greatly increased human travel has spread infectious agents, introducing them into areas in which they had been hitherto absent. It is essential to understand the factors that caused increased vector densities and hence the transmission of disease to prevent the emergence and resurgence of more diseases, as well as to serve as a basis for effective control.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                16 July 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 793
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [2] 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [3] 3Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [4] 4Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [5] 5Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Zhijun Yu, Hebei Normal University, China

                Reviewed by: Nkululeko Nyangiwe, Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, South Africa; Muhammad Imran Rashid, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan

                *Correspondence: Abid Ali, uop_ali@ 123456yahoo.com

                This article was submitted to Invertebrate Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2019.00793
                6646419
                31379587
                acf3dd75-0db5-4511-8388-82e102a9e9a8
                Copyright © 2019 Ali, Khan, Zahid, Yaseen, Qayash Khan, Nawab, Ur Rehman, Ateeq, Khan and Ibrahim.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 March 2019
                : 06 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 76, Pages: 15, Words: 0
                Categories
                Physiology
                Original Research

                Anatomy & Physiology
                ticks,hosts,r. microplus,khyber pakhtunkhwa,pakistan
                Anatomy & Physiology
                ticks, hosts, r. microplus, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan

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